COGNITIVE

PERSPECTIVES

Reported by:
Jocelyn V. Santoluma

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Who is ROBERT MILLS GAGNE?
Born in North Andover,
Massachusetts year 1916
Co-developer of
Instructional Systems
Design
Co-authored Principles of
Instructional Design
Wrote The Conditions of
Learning in 1965
Died at the age of 86 in
2002
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 Gagnes Principles
1. Different instruction is required for
different learning outcomes.
2. Learning hierarchies define what
intellectual skills are to be learned
and a sequence of instruction.
3. Events of learning operate on the
learner in ways that constitute the
condition of learning.
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 Gagnes Principles
1. Different instruction is required for
different learning outcomes.

Gagnes theory asserts that there are several

different types or levels of learning.
Furthermore, the theory implies that each
different types of learning calls for different
types of instruction.

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 Gagnes Principles
Five Categories of Learning Outcomes
Verbal
Information

Cognitive Intellectual
Strategies Skills

Motor Skills Attitudes

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Five Categories of Learning Outcomes

Verbal Information
Verbal
- stating previous learned Information
materials such as facts,
concepts, principles, and
procedures.
- acquire information in
verbal form
- referred to as declarative
knowledge or knowing that
e.g. listing, viewing, reading

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Five Categories of Learning Outcomes

Verbal
Intellectual Skills Information
- involve the use of symbols
such as numbers and Intellectual
Skills
language to interact with
the environment
- involve knowing how to
do something rather than
knowing that about something
- require an ability to carry out actions

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Five Categories of Learning Outcomes
Cognitive Strategies
Verbal
Information
- employing personal ways to
guide learning, thinking,
Cognitive Intellectual
acting and feeling Strategies Skills
- it is having certain techniques
of thinking, ways of analyzing
problems and having
approaches in solving problems
e.g. constructing concept maps of topics
being studied

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Five Categories of Learning Outcomes

Motor Skills Verbal

Information
- executing performances
involving the use of Cognitive Intellectual
Strategies Skills
muscles

e.g. doing the steps of the

singkil dance Motor Skills

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Five Categories of Learning Outcomes
Attitudes
- internal state that influence Verbal
Information
the choice of personal
actions made by an
Cognitive Intellectual
individual Strategies Skills

e.g. deciding avoid soft

drinks and drinking at Motor Skills Attitudes
least 8 glasses of water
everyday

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 Gagnes Principles

2. Learning hierarchies define what

intellectual skills are to be learned
and a sequence of instruction.

According to Gagne, the primary significance

of the hierarchy is to identify prerequisites that
should be completed to facilitate learning at
each level.

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Gagnes Principles
Eight Hierarchy of Learning
Problem
Solving

Rule Learning

Concept Learning

Discrimination
Learning
Verbal Association

Chaining

Stimulus-Response Learning

Signal Learning

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 Eight Hierarchy of Learning
Signal Learning the learner makes a general response
to a signal
- involuntary reflex action of classical
conditioning type.

e.g. Dog experiment of

Classical conditioning

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 Eight Hierarchy of Learning
Stimulus-Response Learning
the learner makes a precise response to a signal
- voluntary precise response of operant conditioning
type

e.g. Rat experiment of

Skinners Operant
Conditioning

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 Eight Hierarchy of Learning
Chaining the connection of a set of individual stimulus
and response to a signal
- it is the process whereby most complex
psychomotor skills

e.g. riding a bicycle or

playing the piano

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 Eight Hierarchy of Learning
Verbal Association
the learner makes association using verbal connection
- is one of the key processes in the development of
language skills.

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 Eight Hierarchy of Learning
Discrimination Learning
the learner makes different responses to different
stimuli that are somewhat alike

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 Eight Hierarchy of Learning
Concept Learning
the learner develops the ability to make a generalized
response based on a class of stimuli

A bird has feathers,

a beak, lays egg, it
can fly, etc.

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 Eight Hierarchy of Learning
Rule Learning
a rule is a chain of concepts linked to a demonstrated
behavior

e.g.

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 Eight Hierarchy of Learning
Problem Solving
the learner discovers a combination of previously
learned rules and applies them to solve a novel situation

e.g. The problem is your spin dryer does not working.

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Conditions of Learning

- what the learner already

has in the way of
capabilities already held.

- these include different

stimulus that exist outside
the learner such as the
environment, teacher and
the learning situation.

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 Gagnes Principles
3. Events of learning operate on the
learner in ways that constitute the
conditions of learning.

These events should satisfy or provide the

necessary conditions for learning and serve as
the basis designing instruction and selecting
appropriate media. The theory includes nine
instructional events and corresponding
cognitive processes:

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Gagnes Principles
Nine Events of Instruction

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 Nine Events of Instruction
Lesson Example/
Events of Internal Process
Conditions of Rationale
Instruction Learners mind
Learning

(1) Teacher tells learners Giving background

Gaining Reception how she has used information creates
PowerPoint in the validity.
Attention
classroom.
The use of multimedia
Shows an example or a grabs the audiences
PowerPoint. attention.

Asks learners questions Asking questions in the

about using beginning creates an
PowerPoint. interactive atmosphere.

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 Nine Events of Instruction
Lesson Example/
Events of Internal Process
Conditions of Rationale
Instruction Learners mind
Learning

(2)
Informing Teacher says, Today
Learners of Expectancy we are going to work Make learners aware
Objectives on using a of what to expect so
multimedia that they are aware
presentation and prepared to
software, Microsoft receive information.
PowerPoint.

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 Nine Events of Instruction
Lesson Example/
Events of Internal Process
Conditions of Rationale
Instruction Learners mind
Learning
(3) When learning
For this particular
Stimulate something new,
group of learners,
Recall of assessing prior
they have learned
Prior Retrieval knowledge is a major
previously about
Learning factor in the process
Microsoft Windows,
of acquiring new
particularly Microsoft
information.
Word. Teacher
associates this
Recall knowledge
knowledge with
learners previously
lesson at hand.
learned.

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 Nine Events of Instruction
Lesson Example/
Events of Internal Process
Conditions of Rationale
Instruction Learners mind
Learning
(4)
Present The goal is
Stimulus information
Teacher gives
Material Selective acquisition,
students hands-on,
perception therefore, the
step-by-step tutorial
stimulus employed is
on using Microsoft
written content and
PowerPoint.
the actual software
program.

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 Nine Events of Instruction
Internal
Lesson Example/
Events of Process
Conditions of Rationale
Instruction Learners
Learning
mind
Teacher uses discovery
(5) Teacher demonstrates learning because learners
Providing how to create a are adults and it gives
presentation, Teacher them the freedom to
Learner Semantic
moves around and shows explore. Teacher facilitates
Guidelines Encoding students how to use the the learning process by
tools to type text, add giving hints and cues when
links, add symbols and needed. Since the
clip art, insert videos and audience are pre-service
diagrams, use sounds, with some basic level of
etc. Learners are allowed technology skills and the
to try the tools software program is easy
demonstrated in partners to follow and understand,
on their computers. guidance is minimal.

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 Nine Events of Instruction
Lesson Example/
Events of Internal Process
Conditions of Rationale
Instruction Learners mind
Learning
(6)
Eliciting Teacher asks Requiring the learner
Performance Responding students to to produce based on
demonstrate what has been taught
PowerPoint tools. enables the learner to
confirm their learning.

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 Nine Events of Instruction
Lesson Example/
Events of Internal Process
Conditions of Rationale
Instruction Learners mind
Learning
(7)
Giving Teacher gives Regular feedback
Feedback Reinforcement immediate enhances learning.
feedback to .
learners after
eliciting responses.

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 Nine Events of Instruction
Lesson Example/
Events of Internal Process
Conditions of Rationale
Instruction Learners mind
Learning
(8)
Assessing Assign a practice Independent practice
Performance Retrieval activity Create an forces students to use
& electronic story what they learned and
Reinforcement book using apply it. Assessing
Microsoft such gives instructors
PowerPoint. a means of testing
Teacher checks student learning
work. outcomes.
.

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 Nine Events of Instruction
Lesson Example/
Events of Internal Process
Conditions of Rationale
Instruction Learners mind
Learning
(9)
Enhancing Teacher asks Applying learning in
Retention & Generalization learners to create real-life situations is a
Transfer activities using step towards Mastery
PowerPoint Learning.
presentation for 6th .
Grade pupils.
Teacher also
assigns learner to
teach another
learner how to
make PowerPoint
presentations.

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 Nine Events of Instruction
Can be described into Three Phases:

Preparing Learning Transfer of Learning

Acquisition and Performance

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 Implications for Learning

Since Lessons are tailored for students, they become

actively involved in classroom
Learner will be more focused on the content and be
motivated
Learner will be active listeners and learned how to
perform various task
Students will establish an interest and will use their
prior knowledge to perform a new task
Students will complete the task and then give
feedback as to what they have learned
Students will then be able to apply their new acquired
skills into their everyday lives

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 Implications for Teaching
Teachers may begin by identifying learning outcomes
desired for the course
Teacher then need to gain students attention and
this can be done by showing PowerPoint, diagram,
videos etc. to help inform the students of what they
will be learning
Teacher need to observe and relate lessons to
students interest so it is easier for the students to
understand
Teacher should give frequent oral and written test
Teacher employed a variety of instructional
strategies in classroom
Since the theory is very systematic, Teachers have
organized and more structure into the objectives of
lesson plan

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A teacher plants the seeds of knowledge,
sprinkles them with love and patiently
nurtures their growth to produce
tomorrows dream

Thank you!
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