REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS

Dr. Khalid Ramzy

Dr. Khalid Ramzy

 Refrigeration
1- Simple, Mechanical Vapor Compression Systems:
Simple vapor compression cycle, system components,
Actual vapor compression cycle, compressors,
reciprocating compressor, single and double acting
compressors, volumetric efficiency and piston
displacement.

2- Compound, Mechanical Vapor Compression Systems:

Methods of improving the C.O.P., liquid sub-cooler, multi-
compression process and flash inter-cooling, Compound
vapor compression cycles, multi-evaporator systems,
multi-compression systems, individual and multiple
expansion valves cascade systems.
Dr. Khalid Ramzy
3- Steam jet refrigeration system.

4- Air refrigeration system.

5- Thermoelectric refrigeration system.

6- Refrigerants, classification of refrigerants,

nomenclature of refrigerants desirable properties
of refrigerants and relation between refrigerants
and lubricating oil.

7- Calculation of refrigeration Capacity.

Dr. Khalid Ramzy
Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

Refrigerators: move
heat from colder
space
Heat pump: move
heat to warmer space
Both require work
input

Dr. Khalid Ramzy

 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

Coefficient of Performance (C.O.P)

Relation Between C.O.PR and C.O.PH.P
Thermodynamic (or Relative) Efficiency, (Rel)
The Unit of Refrigeration Capacity, T.R

Dr. Khalid Ramzy

Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

Performance is expressed in term of coefficients

of performance

Dr. Khalid Ramzy

 Carnot Cycle Model

TH
T
Heat source
. 1 2
QH

Engine E W.D.
. 4 3
QL
Heat sink
TL S S

Dr. Khalid Ramzy

 Carnot Cycle Model
Reverse Carnot Cycle

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 Reverse Carnot Cycle
Coefficients of performance for Carnot
cycles can be expressed in terms of
temperature

1 TL
COPR , Carnot
TH / TL 1 TH TL
1 TH
COPHP , Carnot
1 TL / TH TH TL

Dr. Khalid Ramzy

 Important Remarks

1- C.O.P of Carnot cycle is a function of

heat source and sink temperature only.
2- C.O.P is independent of the nature of
the working fluid.
3- C.O.P. of carnot cycle increases as
evaporator temperature increases and
condenser temperature decreases

Dr. Khalid Ramzy

Dr. Khalid Ramzy
Dr. Khalid Ramzy
Ideal Vapor-Compression
Refrigeration Cycle

Dr. Khalid Ramzy

 Ideal Vapor-Compression
Refrigeration Cycle

Condenser

Ex. Device Evaporator

Compressor

Dr. Khalid Ramzy

 Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

There are four principal

control volumes involving
these components:
1- Exit conditions of
evaporator and condenser
are saturated.
2- Cycle consists of one low
side pressure and one high
side pressure.
3- Compression is Isentropic Two-phase

S= Constant liquid-vapor mixture

4- Expansion is
h= Constant
Dr. Khalid Ramzy
 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

The processes of this cycle are

Process 4-1: two-phase liquid-vapor
mixture of refrigerant is evaporated
through heat transfer from the
refrigerated space.
Process 1-2: vapor refrigerant is
compressed to a relatively high
temperature and pressure requiring
work input. Two-phase
Process 2-3: vapor refrigerant liquid-vapor mixture
condenses to liquid through heat
transfer to the cooler surroundings.
Process 3-4: liquid refrigerant
expands to the evaporator Dr.
pressure.
Khalid Ramzy
 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Applying mass and energy rate balances

Evaporator ev
Q
h1 h 4 (1)
m
The term Q ev is referred to as the
refrigeration capacity, expressed in kW
in the SI unit system or Btu/h in the
English unit system.
A common alternate unit is the ton
of refrigeration which equals 200
Btu/min or about 211 kJ/min.
Dr. Khalid Ramzy
 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Applying mass and energy rate balances

Compressor Wc
h2 h1 (2)
Assuming adiabatic m
compression
Condenser
Q cond
h 2 h 3 (3)

m
Expansion valve
Assuming a throttling h4 h3 (4)
process
Dr. Khalid Ramzy
 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Performance parameters
Coefficient of Performance (COP)

(COP) =

Carnot Coefficient of Performance

(COP)max =

This equation represents the maximum theoretical

coefficient of performance of any refrigeration cycle
operating between cold and hot regions at TC and TH,
respectively. Dr. Khalid Ramzy
 p-h Diagram
The pressure-enthalpy (p-h) diagram is a
thermodynamic property diagram commonly used
in the refrigeration field.

Dr. Khalid Ramzy

 P
[bar] S = Const.

Liquid
T = Const.
= Const.
Wet vapor
Super
P = Const. heated
vapor

i = Const. i [kJ/kg]
Dr. Khalid Ramzy
Dr. Khalid Ramzy
Dr. Khalid Ramzy
Dr. Khalid Ramzy
Dr. Khalid Ramzy
The End

Dr. Khalid Ramzy