Chapter 2

Cc mng chuyn mch knh

Tng quan
Mng thoi
Bo hiu
iu khin lu lng v qu ti trong
mng thoi
Cc mng thoi t bo (t c)

10/31/2017 Circuit-swiching Network 1

 Chapter 2
Cc mng chuyn mch knh

2.1. Tng quan

2.1.1. Cc mng chuyn mch knh
2.1.2. Phng php pht trin mng

10/31/2017 Circuit-swiching Network 2

2.1.1. Cc mng chuyn mch knh

c im ni bt nht ???
Knh dnh ring gia hai u khch hng
Khch hng c th l ngi hoc thit b (router or switch)
Knh bao gm nhiu loi khc nhau
ng truyn dnh ring truyn dn dng in
Cc khe thi gian dnh ring truyn cc mu thoi
Cc khung dnh ring truyn cc khung tn hiu
Cc bc sng dnh ring truyn cc tn hiu quang
Cc mng chuyn mch knh yu cu:
Ghp knh v chuyn mch knh
S dng chung ti nguyn ng truyn
iu khin v bo hiu thit lp cc knh

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 3

2.1.2. Cc phng php pht trin mng
S dng chuyn mch: mt chuyn mch cung cp cho
mt nhm ngi dng,

V d: Mt chuyn mch thoi kt ni mi vng ni ht

S dng chuyn mch kt hp ghp knh: mt b ghp
knh kt ni hai mng truy nhp

V d: Mt ng truyn tc cao c s dng kt

ni 2 chuyn mch
10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 4
2.1.2. Cc phng php ph trin mng
S dng cc ng truyn tc cao to thnh cc
mng ln hn

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 5

 Chapter 2
Circuit-Switching Networks

2.2. Mng thoi

2.2.1. Tng quan
2.2.2. Phng tin truyn ti
2.2.3. nh s trong mng thoi

10/31/2017 Circuit-swiching Network 6

2.2.1. Tng quan v mng thoi

Mng thoi c thit lp lm g?

Truyn dn tn hiu thoi tng t, thi gian thc hai chiu
qua cc thit b chuyn mch v truyn dn
Bng thng truyn dn yu cu l 4 kHz
Kh nng truyn dn tn hiu s vi tc 64 kb/s (PCM)
p ng nhu cu truyn thng tin my tnh c bn
Hot ng da trn nguyn l chuyn mch knh
Mng in thoi ban u:
Thit lp kt ni vt l t mt my in thoi qua mng n
my in thoi khc
Ti nguyn vt l dnh ring cho cuc gi trong sut thi gian
Mng in thoi hin i:
Kt hp chuyn mch knh,chuyn mch s v truyn dn s

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 7

2.2.1. Tng quan v mng thoi (tip)

Telephone Calls
Ngi dng yu cu kt ni
Mng bo hiu thit lp kt ni
Hi thoi
Ngi dng t my (1 hoc c 2)
Mng gii phng ti nguyn kt ni

Three phase connection-oriented communications

Thit lp kt ni Hi thoi Gii phng kt ni

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 8

2.2.1. Tng quan v mng thoi (tip)

The caller picks up the phone, triggering the flow of

current in wires that connect to the telephone office

The current is detected, and a dial tone is transmitted

by the telephone office to indicate that it is ready to
receive the destination number

The caller sends this number by pushing the keys on

the telephone set. Each key generates a pair of tones
that specify a number. (In the older phone set, the user
dials a number that in turn generates a corresponding
number of pulse).

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 9

2.2.1. Tng quan v mng thoi (tip)

The epuipment in the telephone office then uses

the telephone network to attempt a connection. If
the destination telephone is busy, then a busy
tone is returned to the caller. If the destination
telephone is idle, then ringing signals are sent to
both the originating and destination telephone

The ringing signals are discontinued when the

destination phone is picked up and
communication can then proceed

Either user terminates the call by putting down a

receiver

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 10

2.2.1. Tng quan v mng thoi (tip)

nh tuyn cuc gi

Cc cuc gi cc b (v d cng chuyn mch A) c ni

qua mng ni ht
Khng cn nh tuyn
Nu 2 user ni n 2 chuyn mch khc nhau trong cng mt
MAN cn xc nh tuyn

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 11

2.2.1. Tng quan v mng thoi (tip)

nh tuyn cuc gi (tip)

LATA: Local Access and Transport Areas

Cc cuc gi ng di c c ni ti cc nh cung cp
dch v ng di

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 12

2.2.2. Cc phng tin truyn ti
Telephone Local Loop

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 13

2.2.3. Mng s tch hp a dch v - ISDN
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network
ISDN l g?
L mng cung cp kt ni s end - to -end u tin
Cho php cung cp a dng cc loi hnh dch v thoi & phi
thoi qua 1 tp hu hn cc giao din
Dng n gin nht:
L s nng cp mch vng thu bao cung cp ng thi
dch v thoi v s liu
Dng mong mun:
L mt mng s ha c th cung cp a dng cc loi hnh
dch v cho khch hng

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 14

2.2.3. Mng s tch hp a dch v - ISDN
Phn loi:
ISDN bng hp N-ISDN (narrowband ISDN):
Xy dng trn cc knh 64 kb/s
S dng h thng chuyn mch knh
B-ISDN (Broadband ISDN):
H tr tc truyn d liu rt cao (hng trm Mb/s)
S dng h thng chuyn mch gi
Cng ngh truyn dn chnh l ATM (Asychronous Transfer
Mode)

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 15

2.2.3. Mng s tch hp a dch v - ISDN
Kin trc mng ISDN
Packet switched
capabilities

Ciruit switched
capabilities
TE or
ISDN ISDN
TE Service
switch switch provider
Nonswitched
capabilities
User - network
signaling
Common channel
Signaling capabilities

User - user
signaling
Khuyn ngh I.325 ca CCITT
10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 16
2.2.3. Mng s tch hp a dch v - ISDN
Cc knh ISDN:
Cc ng dn s gia CO v cc thu bao ISDN mang cc
knh thng tin
Cc knh ISDN c bn
Knh B: 64 kb/s
Knh D: 64 kb/s or 16 kb/s
Knh H0: 384 kb/s
Knh H11: 1.536 kb/s
Knh H12: 1.920 kb/s

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 17

2.2.3. Mng s tch hp a dch v - ISDN
Knh B:
Knh ngi dng c bn
Cc loi d liu truyn trn knh B
D liu s, thoi c s ha
Hn hp lu lng tc thp
D liu s & thoi c s ha
C cng ch

Cc kt ni trn knh B
Chuyn mch knh
Chuyn mch gi
Thu knh

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 18

2.2.3. Mng s tch hp a dch v - ISDN
Knh D:
C 2 much ch
Mang thng tin bo hiu
Bn tin iu khin c gi n ISDN-CO thit lp cc
cuc gi trn knh B ti giao din khch hng
Mang cc packet data ca chuyn mch gi hoc low-speed
telemetry
Cc knh H
Truyn thng tin tc cao
H0: tng ng 6 knh B => tc 384 kb/s
H11: tng ng 4 knh H0 => tc 1.536 kb/s
H12: tng ng 5 knh H0 => tc 1.920 kb/s

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 19

2.2.3. Mng s tch hp a dch v - ISDN

Cc giao din vo:

C 2 giao din vo ISDN
Giao din tc c bn (BRI: Basic rate interface)
Giao din tc c s (PRI: Primary rate interface)
Cu trc knh ti cc giao din
Giao din Cu trc knh Tc d liu Tc
ngi dng (kb/s) tng cng (kb/s)
BRI 2B+D16 144 192

23B+D64 1.536 1.544

PRI
30B+D64 1.984 2.048

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 20

2.2.4. nh s
Khi nim

nh s?
Ti sao

Phng php hnh thnh cc s

cho vic nhn dng cc u cui v nhn dng cc thu bao
phng php a ra s - Tm gi
- Qun l, tnh cc

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 21

2.2.4. nh s
i tng xem xt
Mng vin thng cng cng
Mng vin thng c nh mt t
Mng vin thng c nh v tinh
Mng vin thng di ng mt t
Mng vin thng dng ring
Mng chuyn dng

Cc yu cu c bn
D nh, d s dng
Khng phi thay i trong khong thi gian di
D dng cho vic nh tuyn v tnh cc
D dng a ra cc dch v mi

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 22

 2.2.4. nh s
Cc h thng nh s

H thng nh s

H thng nh s ng H thng nh s m

C mt vng nh s duy nht C nhiu vng nh s

Cu trc s nh nhau Mi vng nh s l mt vng
S lng cc ch s nh nh s ng
nhau Cu trc s c th khc nhau
S lng cc ch s c th
khc nhau
10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 23
2.2.4. nh s
Cu to s
M nc M ch quc gia S thu bao
(CC) (NDC) (SN)
S quc gia

S quc t

Quay s:
S quc t: Tin t quc t + s quc t
S quc gia: Tin t quc gia + s quc gia
Ti t: theo ITU-T
Tin t quc gia: s dng s 0
Tin t quc t: s dng 00
10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 24
2.2.4. nh s
Quy hoch s quc gia
di s quc gia theo ITU-T
di s quc gia = 15 - di CC
Vit nam: CC l 84
Quy hoch m ch quc gia (trc y)
M vng: di 1,2 hoc 3 ch s
2A(B), 3A(B), 4, 5A(B), 6A(B), 7A(B), 8,
A,B: l s bt k t 0 n 9
M mng: di 2, 3 hoc 4 ch s
1A(B), 9 A(B), 40A(B), 69, 80
A,B: l s bt k t 0 n 9

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 25

2.2.4. nh s
Quy hoch s quc gia
Quy hoch m ch quc gia (hin ti)
M vng: di 2 hoc 3 ch s
2A(B)
A,B: l s bt k t 0 n 9
M mng: di 2 ch s
1A, 3 A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 8A, 9A
B: l s bt k t 0 n 9

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 26

2.2.4. nh s
Quy hoch s quc gia
Quy hoch s thu bao (hin ti)
Mng c nh mt t
C 7 hoc 8 ch s,
Bt u bng cc s t 2 n 9, cc s cn li t 0 n 9
Mng c nh v tinh
C 7 ch s,
Bt u bng cc s t 2 n 9, cc s cn li t 0 n 9
Mng di ng mt t
C 7 ch s,
Bt u bng cc s t 1 n 9, cc s cn li t 0 n 9

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 27

 Chapter 2
Cc mng chuyn mch knh

2.3. Bo hiu
2.3.1. Tng quan v bo hiu
2.3.2. Bo hiu thu bao
2.3.3. Bo hiu lin i

10/31/2017 Circuit-swiching Network 28

2.3.1 Tng quan v bo hiu

Chc nng ca bo hiu

Thit lp v gii phng mt kt ni
Thng tin bo hiu?
Thng tin c truyn i trong qu trnh thit lp v gii
phng mt cuc gi
Bo hiu?
Cch thc truyn v nhn thng tin bo hiu

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 29

2.3.1 Tng quan v bo hiu (tip)
Phn loi bo hiu

Bo hiu

Bo hiu thu bao Bo hiu lin tng i

Bo hiu knh lin kt Bo hiu knh chung

CAS CCS

CAS: Channel Associated Signaling

CCS: Common Channel Signaling

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 30

2.3.1 Tng quan v bo hiu (tip)
Cc dng tn hiu bo hiu

Tn hiu bo hiu

Tn hiu gim st Tn hiu a ch

Hng i Hng v DP PB MF

DP: Dial Pusle MF: Multi Frequency

PB: Push Button

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 31

2.3.2. Bo hiu thu bao
Qu trnh truyn thng tin bo hiu gia thu bao vi
tng i
Cc thng tin truyn t thu bao ch gi n tng i
Trng thi nhc my ca thu bao
S thu bao b gi
Thng tin s tin a vo
Trong cc h thng in thoi s dng tin xu
Trng thi t my

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 32

2.3.2. Bo hiu thu bao
Cc thng tin truyn t tng i n thu bao ch gi
Sn sng nhn cc ch s a ch
Trng thi ca thu bao b gi
Thu bao b gi bn
Tn hiu chung n thu bao (hi m chung)
Thng tin trng thi tc nghn hay b kha
Tn hiu tnh cc
Trong cc h thng in thoi s dng tin xu
Cc thng tin truyn t tng i n thu bao b gi gi
Tn hiu chung
Cc thng tin truyn t thu bao b gi n tng i
Tn hiu tr li
Trng thi thu bao b gi nhc my

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 33

2.3.2 Bo hiu thu bao (tip)
V d cuc gi ni i thnh cng

Nhc my

m mi quay s

Cc ch s ca
thu bao
EXC
Hi m chung m chung
Tr li

Xa hng i
Xa hng v

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 34

 2.3.2 Bo hiu thu bao (tip)
Truyn cc ch s thu bao bng phng php quay xung
Thi gian
gia 2 s
Quay s
ng mch

M mch

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 35

 2.3.2 Bo hiu thu bao (tip)
Truyn cc ch s thu bao bng phng php tn s

697 Hz 1 2 3 A

770 Hz 4 5 6 B

852 Hz 7 8 9 C

941 Hz * 0 # D

1209 Hz 1336 Hz 1477 Hz 1633 Hz

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 36
2.3.3. Bo hiu lin i
Qu trnh truyn thng tin bo hiu gia cc tng i
Dng trong cc cuc gi qua nhiu tng i, gm
Bo hiu knh ring (bo hiu knh kt hp)
Thng tin bo hiu i cng thng tin thoi

Bo hiu knh chung

Thng tin bo hiu i ring vi thng tin thoi
Mt ng bo hiu cha thng tin bo hiu cho nhiu knh

V d v bo hiu lin i s dng Vit Nam

CAS: R2-MFC
CCS: SS7

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 37

2.3.3. Bo hiu lin i
a. Bo hiu knh lin kt R2 - MFC
Bao gm bo hiu ng dy v bo hiu thanh ghi
Bo hiu ng dy
Trng thi ng trung k trong vic iu khin v x l cuc
gi lin i
Bo hiu thanh ghi
Bo hiu a ch
Trao i cc thng tin a ch v thuc tnh ca thu bao b gi
Ch c truyn mt ln ti mt thi im

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 38

2.3.3. Bo hiu lin i
Bo hiu ng dy
Tn hiu ng dy hng i
Chim ng
Thi im gi?
Lc bt u cuc gi
Mc ch?
Thit lp trng thi mch vo t ri sang bn
Tn hiu xa thun
Thi im gi?
Khi kt thc cuc gi
Mc ch?
Gii phng tng i b gi v cc khi chuyn mch ang
chim gi

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 39

2.3.3. Bo hiu lin i
Bo hiu ng dy (tip)
Tn hiu ng dy hng v
Cng nhn chim ng
Dng trong bo hiu ng dy kiu s
Mc ch?
Xc nhn vic mch vo t trng thi ri sang bn
Tn hiu tr li
Thi im gi?
Khi thu bao b gi nhc my v h thng bt u tnh cc
Tn hiu xa ngc
Khi thu bao b gi t my
Tn hiu kha
Truyn trn cc mch ri gy nn trng thi bn nhm bo
v vic chim mch tip theo

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 40

2.3.3. Bo hiu lin i
Bo hiu thanh ghi
Qu trnh gi cc tn hiu a ch
Cc nguyn tc truyn thng tin a ch
Kiu link by link
Kiu end to end
Kiu hn hp

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 41

2.3.3. Bo hiu lin i
Bo hiu thanh ghi
Nguyn tc truyn thng tin a ch kiu link by link
T T T T
xut pht qu giang qu giang Kt cui

Thanh ghi Thanh ghi Thanh ghi Thanh ghi

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 42

 2.3.3. Bo hiu lin i
Bo hiu thanh ghi (tip)
V d truyn thng tin a ch kiu link by link

0211 3823744
0211 3823744
A B 3823744 C D

3744

H Ni Vnh Phc

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 43

 2.3.3. Bo hiu lin i
Bo hiu thanh ghi (tip)
V d truyn thng tin a ch kiu end to end

0211 3823744
0211
A B 382 C D

3744

H Ni Vnh Phc
10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 44
2.3.3. Bo hiu lin i
V d truyn thng tin bo hiu gia cc tng i

Chim knh

Cng nhn chim knh

Cc s ca thu bao B

EXC B tr li EXC

Hi thoi

Xa hng v

Xa hng i

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 45

2.3.3. Bo hiu lin i
b. Bo hiu knh chung
Tn hiu bo hiu c truyn ring bit so vi tn hiu
thoi
Thng tin bo hiu c truyn i di dng cc bn tin
Bn tin to ra cc tn hiu iu khin xc nh cu hnh
ca chuyn mch
Ch th cho chuyn mch v trng thi u ni u vo vi u
ra

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 46

 2.3.3. Bo hiu lin i
Trao i cc bn tin bo hiu

Vai tr ca b x l?
Ti sao phi c Modem?

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 47

 2.3.3. Bo hiu lin i
Mng bo hiu

SSP: service switching point (signal to message) SCP: service control point (processing)
STP: signal transfer point (packet switch)

Cc thnh phn ca mng bo hiu ?

Vai tr ca SSP, STP, SCP?

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 48

 2.3.3. Bo hiu lin i
Mng bo hiu

SSP: service switching point (signal to message) SCP: service control point (processing)
STP: signal transfer point (packet switch)
SSP:
Chia thng tin t ngi dng thnh 2 nhnh
Bo hiu vo mng bo hiu
Thng tin ngi dng vo mng truyn ti
Chuyn i tn hiu bo hiu thnh cc bn tin bo hiu (ti sao?)

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 49

 2.3.3. Bo hiu lin i
Mng bo hiu

SSP: service switching point (signal to message) SCP: service control point (processing)
STP: signal transfer point (packet switch)
STP:
Chnh l cc im chuyn mch gi
Mi vng c 2 STP (ti sao ?)
Cc STP c kt ni theo kiu mesh (ti sao?)
SCP: c th cha cc databases v cc b x l c bit
10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 50
 2.3.3. Bo hiu lin i
Mng bo hiu

SSP: service switching point (signal to message) SCP: service control point (processing)
STP: signal transfer point (packet switch)
Xy dng da trn mng chuyn mch gi tin cy cao
Chng giao thc c pht trin h tr bo hiu
Cc b x l v databases c thm vo cho php cung
cp cc dch v mi nh: caller id, call forwarding, call
waiting, user mobility
10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 51
2.3.3. Bo hiu lin i
Chng giao thc ca h thng bo hiu
Lower 3 layers ensure
delivery of messages to
signaling nodes
MTP level1: defined for
transmission speed: E1
(2,048 Mb/s), T1(1,544
Mb/s), V.35 (64kb/s), DS-0
(64kb/s), DS-0A (56Kb/s)
MTP level 2: ensures that
messages are delivered
reliably across a signling
link
MTP level 3: distribute
message between
signaling points, routing and
congestion control

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 52

2.3.3. Bo hiu lin i
Chng giao thc ca h thng bo hiu
SCCP allows messages
to be directed to
applications
TCAP defines messages
& protocols between
applications
ISUP performs basic call
setup & release
TUP instead of ISUP in
some countries

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 53

 Chapter 2
Cc mng chuyn mch knh

2.4. iu khin lu lng v qu ti trong

mng thoi
2.4.1. L thuyt lu lng
2.4.2. M hnh ha lu lng
2.3.3. iu khin lu lng v qu ti

10/31/2017 Circuit-swiching Network 54

2.4.1. L thuyt lu lng

a. Offered vs. carried traffic

Lu lng n (Offered traffic): l lu lng c sinh ra t

cc ngun tin
Lu lng mang (Carried traffic): l lu lng c mang
bi mng

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 55

2.4.1. L thuyt lu lng
b. c tnh lu lng (1)
c im ca lu lng mang

Lu lng chuyn mch knh:

S cuc gi n hoc s kt ni hot ng (erl)
Cng c th chuyn i sang dng tc bt trong cc h
thng s
V d: trong h thng PCM, cuc gi thoi yu cu dung
lng 64 kb/s
Lu lng chuyn mch gi:
Di dng dng bt (bps, kbps, Mbps, Gbps, )
Dng gi (pps)
S lung hot ng (erl)
10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 56
2.4.1. L thuyt lu lng

n v ca lu lng mang
Lu lng thoi:
Erlang (erl)
Lu lng d liu:
Gi/giy (pps)
Bit/giy (bps)

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 57

2.4.1. L thuyt lu lng
S bin i ca lu lng theo thi gian (1)
Nhng bin i c th on trc:
Xu hng (theo cc nm): lu lng tng do:
Cc dch v hin ti
Ngi dng mi, cch thc s dng mi, gi dch v mi
Cc dch v mi
Bo co lu lng thng xuyn theo tun (m t cc ngy)
Bo co lu lng thng xuyn theo ngy, bao gm gi
bn
Cc bin i nguyn nhn do cc s kin bn ngoi (thng
xuyn hoc khng thng xuyn) c th d on trc:
Thng xuyn: Tt, ngy l ln,
Khng thng xuyn: bnh chn qua truyn hnh,
10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 58
2.4.1. L thuyt lu lng
S bin i ca lu lng theo thi gian (2)
Nhng bin i khng th d on trc:
S thay i ngu nhin ngn hn (pht, giy)
Cc cuc gi n ngu nhin
Thi gian ca mi cuc gi l ngu nhin
S thay i ngu nhin di hn
Nhng sai lnh ngu nhin xung quanh cc profiles
Lu lng mi ngy, mi tun, mi thngl khc nhau
Nhng bin i nguyn nhn do cc s kin bn ngoi
khng th d on trc:
ng t v cc thm ha thin nhin

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 59

2.4.1. L thuyt lu lng
S bin i ca lu lng theo thi gian (3)
Ch :
Cc m hnh l thuyt lu lng tp trung vo cc s
bin i ngu nhin ngn hn
Kt lun
Lu lng c to ra bi cc ngun n, cc thu bao
c lp nhau
Lu lng bin ng theo hot ng ca x hi
Cc nghin cu ch ra rng, bin ng lu lng mang
tnh cht na ngu nhin, na xc nh

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 60

2.4.1. L thuyt lu lng
Bin i ca lu lng bui sng

Number of calls per minute to a switching center in a Monday morning

[Iversen, 1973]
10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 61
2.4.1. L thuyt lu lng
Bin i ca lu lng trong mt ngy

Mean number of calls per minute to a switching center taken as an average

for periods of 15 minutes during 10 working days (Monday - Friday).
10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 62
2.4.1. L thuyt lu lng
Bin ng thi gian chim knh

Mean holding time for trunk lines as a function of time of day.[Iversen,1973]).

The measurements exclude local calls
10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 63
2.4.1. L thuyt lu lng
c. Gi bn (1)
i vi vic nh c, vic c lng ti lu lng l cn
thit (????)
Trong cc mng thoi, cch tiu chun nh c mng
l s dng lu lng gi bn (????)
Gi bn?
Chu k 1h lin tc, gi tr cng lu lng trung bnh l
ln nht
N c ngha i vi tng ngy ring bit, gi l gi nh
hng ngy
Khi nh c, phi xem xt gi bn ca nhiu ngy

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 64

2.4.1. L thuyt lu lng
c. Gi bn (2)
Thi im xut hin?
Bt k thi im no
Ty thuc vo v tr t tng i (thng mi, c nhn hay khu
cng nghip)
Phn ln cc vng, lu lng nh xy ra trong khong t 9
n 12 h sng
Mt s khi nim lu lng gi bn (cho vi ngy) c
xut bi ITU-T:
Gi nh trung bnh hng ngy (Average Daily Peak Hour -
ADPH)
Gi bn theo thi gian (Time Consistent Busy Hour - TCBH)

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2.4.1. L thuyt lu lng
c. Gi bn (3)
Gi thit:
N: s ngy thc hin php o
an(): lu lng trung bnh 1 gi o c ca mt ngy
Max an(): lu lng gi nh hng ngy ca ngy n

Tng quan gia aADPH v aTCBH ???

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 66

2.4.2. iu khin lu lng v qu ti trong mng thoi
Ti sao phi iu khin
Lu lng mang tnh na ngu nhin, na xc nh
Cc cuc gi thoi xut hin v kt thc => lu lng thay i
Hot ng trao i thng tin ca con ngi theo cc kiu:
C quan: gia bui sng & gia bui chiu
Ti nh: bui ti
Vo cc k ngh
Mt s ngy lu lng tng ng k:
Tt, ngy l, ging sinh
Thm ha v cc s kin khc cng l nguyn nhn lm gia
tng lu lng
=> Cn iu khin m bo nhu cu trao i thng tin khc
nhau, nng cao hiu qu s dng ti nguyn mng
10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 67
2.4.2. iu khin lu lng v qu ti trong mng thoi
Tp trung lu lng (1)

Th no gi l tp trung?

Ti sao phi tp trung?

Lu lng bin ng khi c cuc gi c khi to/kt thc

Ph thuc vo hot ng ca con ngi v khng bt bin
Vn gp phi trong vic cung cp ti nguyn mng:
Nu cc yu cu cuc gi u c p ng th qu t
Cc yu cu cuc gi c p ng trong phn ln thi gian
th hiu qu hn
Ti nguyn mng cn c chia s
Lu lng cn c tp trung

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 68

2.4.2. iu khin lu lng v qu ti trong mng thoi
Tp trung lu lng (2)

Tp trung bng cch no?

Cc chuyn mch v cc b ghp tp trung lu lng vo
cc trung k c chia s (iu g c th xy ra ?)
Vic t chi (tc nghn) cc yu cu cuc gi thnh thong c
th xy ra
Bi ton t ra?
La chn s trung k dng chung thch hp xc sut tc
nghn nm trong gii hn cho php

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 69

2.4.2. iu khin lu lng v qu ti trong mng thoi
Bin ng trong vic chim ng trung k

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 70

2.4.2. iu khin lu lng v qu ti trong mng thoi
M hnh ha qu trnh lu lng (1)
Cc yu cu kt n cc knh trung k l ri rc, khng
nh trc
=> c th c c trng bi qu trnh Poisson
Tc n ca cc yu cu l requests per second, th:
Trong khong thi gian rt ngn , ch c 2 kh nng:
C yu cu cuc gi vi xc sut ?
Prob[ new request ] =
Khng c yu cu cuc gi vi xc sut ?
Prob[ no new request ] = 1
Cc yu cu cuc gi ti c lp vi nhau, vi:

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 71

2.4.2. iu khin lu lng v qu ti trong mng thoi
M hnh ha qu trnh lu lng (2)

Mt s khi nim:
Thi gian chim dng (Holding time) - X: l thi gian user
gi kt ni
X l mt bin ngu nhin vi trung bnh l E[X]
Ti xut hin (Offered load): nhu cu m thu bao to ra,
bao gm cc cuc gi qua v khng qua h thng
a = calls/sec * E(X) seconds/call (Erlangs)
ngha ca 1 Erl ?
Ti mang (Carried load): lng lu lng do mng phc
v (tng ng s cuc gi qua mng)
Ti tn tht (Lost load):
Lost load = Offered load - Carried load

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2.4.2. iu khin lu lng v qu ti trong mng thoi
Xc sut tc nghn v hiu sut s dng cc trunks (1)
Khi no th xy ra tc nghn?
Khi tt c cc trung k u bn
Gi c l s ng trung k
Tc nghn nu c cc yu mi khi N(t) = c
Nu cc yu cu cuc gi tun theo qu trnh Poisson,
xc sut tc nghn c cho bi cng thc Earlang B:

Phng php tnh hi quy:

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 73

2.4.2. iu khin lu lng v qu ti trong mng thoi
Xc sut tc nghn v hiu sut s dng cc trunks (1)

Hiu sut s dng ng trung k

L s trung k trung bnh c s dng vi tng s knh
trung k

Utilization = (1 Pb) E[X]/c

= (1 Pb) a/c

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 74

2.4.2. iu khin lu lng v qu ti trong mng thoi

Blocking Performance
To achieve 1%
blocking probability:
a = 5 Erlangs
requires 11 trunks
a = 10 Erlangs
requires 18 trunks

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 75

2.4.2. iu khin lu lng v qu ti trong mng thoi
Multiplexing Gain

Ti mt gi tr Pb,h thng tr
nn hiu qu hn trong vic
s dng ng trung k nu
kch thc ca h thng tng
Cc lung lu lng tng chia
s cc ngun ti nguyn tp
trung s hiu qu hn
Hiu qu ny c gi l
Multiplexing Gain

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2.4.2. iu khin lu lng v qu ti trong mng thoi
Routing Control
Routing Control: th tc gn ng cho cc kt ni
ng trc tip hoc ng gin tip
Cc lung lu lng ln:
Nn s dng ng trc tip tng hiu qu s dng ti
nguyn (???)
Cc lung lu lng nh:
Cn phi kt hp chia s ti nguyn
V d:

18 truks for 10 erl,

Tng s truks = 9x18 = 162
Efficiency = 0,99x90/162= 55%
107 truks for 90 erl,
Efficiency = 83,3%
10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 77
2.4.2. iu khin lu lng v qu ti trong mng thoi
Bng Erlang

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 78

2.4.2. iu khin lu lng v qu ti trong mng thoi
nh tuyn thay th

Trin khai cc trunks gia cc switch i vi lng lu

lng quan trng
u tin c gng truyn trn tuyn trc tip
Khi khng c ng trung k ri chuyn qua tuyn thay th
hiu sut s dng cao, cn phn b cc trunks c xc
sut tc nghn cao
Chuyn mch tandem x l phn lu lng trn cc chuyn
mch khc sang
10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 79
2.4.2. iu khin lu lng v qu ti trong mng thoi
Cc kch bn nh tuyn in hnh

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 80

2.4.2. iu khin lu lng v qu ti trong mng thoi
nh tuyn ng

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 81

2.4.2. iu khin lu lng v qu ti trong mng thoi

iu khin qu ti

Overload Situations
Mothers Day, Xmas

Catastrophes

Network Faults
Strategies
Direct routes first

Outbound first

Code blocking

Call request pacing

10/31/2017 Circuit-Switching Networks 82