WORK MEASUREMENT

In this chapter, time is the major discussion. It

involves in determining the time that a
qualified worker should take to complete a
job under normal working conditions.

Time represents by labor standard, standard

time and allowances allocate to workers in
operation activities.
Work measurement concerns with determining
the length of time should be taken to finish a
job.
1) Capacity Planning
- Regular hours to used to produce one unit of product

2) Human workforce requirements

- Number of workers to hire by company

3) Schedule the labor hours required to complete a job

- The numbers of work follow the work schedule

4) Evaluate proposed work improvement

- Evaluate work before and after standard time

5) Designing incentive system

- Piece rate plan in a scheme, who can produce more output in the
given time
 Appropriate for short and repetitive tasks
Used to develop standard time
1. Choose the job to study
2. Inform involved workers
3. Break the job into recognisable units
4. Determine the number of cycles to observe/
how many times to observe
5. Time each elements, record the time and
rate the workers performance
6. Compute the standard time
1. Average Observed Time (AOT)
- average time a wkr took to work on individual
task from the start to finish
2. Normal Time (NT) or Basic Time (BT)
- time taken to complete a job while working
under normal condition
3. Standard Time (ST)
- Average time for a job after adding
allowances to the NT or BT
 = Sum of All Times
Number of cycle
Or
= Sum of All Times
(*Number of cycles)(**Frequency)

* Omit any inconsistent or unusual data

** Frequency of Occurance
 Tasks Observed time (minutes)
X 5 6 18
Y 7 9 11

1- To calculate average observed time:

Average observed time = sum of time recorded to performed for each element
Number of observations

a) Average observed time X = (5+6) 2 = 5.5 minutes (Ignore abnormal

times & extremes values (high or low) because it represent erroneous
during observation)

b) Average observed time Y = (7 + 9 + 11) 3 = 9 minutes

 Tasks Observed time (minutes)
A 3 5 7
B 2 4 11
C 9 10 20

1) Calculate average observed time for task A, B and C

Time taken to complete a job while working
under normal condition

NT = (AOT) (Performance Rating)

 Tasks Observed time (minutes) Observed Rate (rating)
X 5.5 110%
Y 9 95%

To calculate normal time/basic time:

Normal time/basic time X = (5.5 x 110) 100 = 6.05 minutes

Normal time/basic time Y = (9 x 95) 100 = 8.55 minutes

Total for normal time/basic time X & Y = 14.6 minutes

 Tasks Observed Rate Observed time Normal time
(rating) (minutes) (minutes)
A 110%
B 115%
C 90%

1) Calculate normal time/basic time

Average time for a job after adding
allowances to the NT or BT

ST = (NT) ( 1 + *Allowance Factor)

* Two ways of giving AF:
1. In %, e.g: 10%
2. In the amount of time, e.g: 12 mins per
hour or 12 mins per day
 Tasks Normal Time or Allowances: (8 hours per day)
basic time
(minutes) Machine warming up = 15 minutes
X 6.05
Area clean up = 21 minutes
Y 8.55
Personal time = 60 minutes

To calculate standard times:

First we need to identify the allowance that need to be in percentage value.

Allowances = Non-work time x 100

Total time

= (15+21+60) x 100
8 x 60
= 20%

Standard time = Total basic time x (1 + Allowances)

= 14.6 x (1+0.2)
= 17.52 minutes
 Tasks Normal Allowances: (8 hours per day)
Time or
basic time Machine warming up = 15 minutes
(minutes)
X 6.05 Area clean up = 20 minutes
Y 8.55
Personal time = 50 minutes

Unavoidable breakdown = 10 minutes

1) Calculate the standard time

It functioned to help to improve performance
and their productivity level by continue to
perform outstanding result according to
standard. There are 4 types of allowances;.
There are:
1. Relaxation Allowance
The extra time in % given to workers to take
a short break to overcome mental or
physical fatigue. It includes nature calls,
drinking, stretching, resting, etc
2. Contingency Allowance
The extra time in % given to workers for
unexpected situation occurance. For
example, repairing minor defects on
equipments or as simple as to pick a
dropped tool(s).
3. Process Allowance
The extra time in % given to workers due to
natural delay in the process. For example,
waiting for a crane to come, computers to
respond, automated machines to be set up
and etc .
4. Policy Allowance
The extra time in % given to workers due to
labour regulations or union agreement. For
example, allowing muslims to perform their
prayers and etc .
A work operation consisting of three elements has been subjected to a
stop-watch study. The observations recorded are shown below.

Job Cycle Observation (Minutes) Performance

Element 1 2 3 4 Rating
A 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 110%
B 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.7 90%
C 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 80%

The workers work 26 days in a month. The allowance time for the operation
based on 8 hour-work-day are as follows:

Relaxation = 30 minutes/day
Process = 18 minutes/dayr
Requirements (Show all workings):

1. Calculate the basic or normal time for all jobs elements.

2. Determine the standard time of the work operation.
3. What is the maximum number of output that can be
produced per day?
4. If monthly demand for the product is 10,000, can the
production capacity meet the demand by just operating 8
hours per day?
5. Determine the additional number of operating hours per
month to be able to produce 10,000 products.
 Job Average Observed Time AOT x Normal
Element (Minutes) RF Time
A (0.5 + 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.2) / 4 0.300 0.3300
= 0.300 x 1.1
B (0.8 + 0.6 + 0.6 + 0.7) / 4 0.675 0.6075
= 0.675 x 0.9
C (0.5 + 0.4 + 0.6 + 0.4) / 4 0.475 0.3800
= 0.475 x 0.8
Total Normal Time 1.3175
Allowance time= (30 mins/day) + (18 mins/day)
= 48 minutes per day
(8hrs x 60 mins) per day
= 0.10 @ 10%

Standard time = NT (1 + Allowance Factor)

= 1.3175 minutes (1 + 0.10)
= 1.4493 @ 1.45 minutes per unit
Maximum output per day
= 480 minutes / 1.45 mins per unit
= 331.03@ 331 units/day
Output per month = 331 units x 26 days
= 8606 units per month

Production capacity Cannot meet the demand

Shortage unit = (10,000 8,606) units
= 1,394 units

Additional hours required

= 1,394 units x 1.45 minutes/unit
= 2,021.3 mins 60 mins
= 33.7 hours
 Apr 2011 (B2)
Oct 2010 (A5)
Apr 2010 (B4)
Oct 2009 (A4)
Apr 2009 (Nil)
Oct 2008 (B4)
Apr 2008 (Nil)
Oct 2007 (A2, B5)
Apr 2007 (B3)