m VFD History

m Types of Variable Frequency Drives

" 9 vantages & Disa vantages
m •omparison To D• Drives
" 9 vantages & Disa vantages
m •onstant Torque an Variable Torque
m New Technology
m 9• Motors Previously Only Ran at a Fixe
Spee
" System Spee was •hange Through Variable Pitch
Sheaves, Gearing or •lutches
" Highly Inefficient, Inaccurate •ontrol an High
Maintenance
m First 9• Drives in the 1950·s
" Mainly in Waste Water
" Very Expensive & Unreliable
" Only as an Engineere System
" Very Large

m The Transistor 9ge (Late 50·s to Mi 70·s)

" 9s Electronics Improve Size, Reliability an
Efficiency Improve
m The •omputer 9ge (Mi 70·s - Present)
" Surface Mount Technology Brought Sizes Down
" Faster Transistors 9ble to •arry More •urrent
" Smart Drives (PI •ontrollers, I/O Logic)
" Faster Response
" Built In Motor, Drive an System Protection
m First Drives Use NPN Transistors
" 9 vantages
G Low Motor Win ing Stress
G The Only Transistor 9vailable at the Time
" Disa vantages
G Low •urrent •apability
G Ha to Parallel Many Transistors
G Slow Switching Times
G Ha to Use Six Steps to •reate Sine Wave
G High •osts
G Low Torque at Low Spee s
m •urrent Source Drives use S•Rs
" 9 vantages
G High Horsepower
G Easy on Motor Win ings
" Disa vantages
G •omplex Power •ircuit
G Large Harmonic •ontent
G Low Torque at Low Spee
m First PWM Drives Use GTOs
m Gate Turn Off Thyristor (GTO)
" 9 vantages
G Faster Switching Time
G Higher •urrent •apability
G PWM Wave Form 9pproximate Sine Wave
G Better Low En Performance
" Disa vantages
G Only up to 60 HP
G Higher Motor Win ing Stress
m The Next Transistor Use was the Darlington
" 9 vantages
G Higher Reliability than GTOs
G Smaller Size
G Goo Low En Torque
" Disa vantages
G Same as GTOs
G •ostly Repairs
m 9lmost 9ll Mo ern 9• Drives Use Insulate
Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBTs)
" 9 vantages
G High •urrent •apability
G Lower •ost
G Better Low En Motor Performance
G Goo Spee •ontrol
G 9
ustable Switching Frequency
G High Reliability
m IGBTs
" Disa vantages
G 9u ible Motor Noise
G Motor Win ing Stress ( V/ T)
G Higher Harmonics
m Flux Vector Drives Use IGBTs with a Motor
Enco er
" 9 vantages
G •an Develop Full Torque Even at Zero Spee
G Excellent Spee Regulation
G •an Replace D• Systems
m Flux Vector Drives
" Disa vantages
G Requires 9 e •ost of an Enco er
G Drives are Expensive
G Difficult to Tune To Motor
G High Motor Win ing Stress
m Direct Torque •ontrol
Direct Torque •ontrol is an Optimize Motor
•ontrol Metho Where Inverter Switching Directly
•ontrols the Motor Variables: Flux an Torque. The
Measure Motor •urrent an Voltage are Inputs to
an 9 aptive Motor Mo el Which Pro uces an Exact
9ctual Value of Torque an Flux Every 25
Microsecon s
m Direct Torque •ontrol
" 9 vantages
G Replace D• Systems
G Full Torque at Zero Spee
G Use With or Without an Enco er
G 200% Starting Torque of Nominal
G •ontrol Spee or Torque
G Torque Step Rise Time of 1 to 2 ms
G Spee Regulation of 0.1% to 0.5%
G No Start Delay
m Direct Torque •ontrol
" 9 vantages (cont..)
G Uses Fiber Optic •ommunication
G Flux Braking for Highest Braking Torque Without Extra
Har ware
G Low 9u ible Motor Noise
m Direct Torque •ontrol
" Disa vantages
G High V/ T = High Motor Win ing Stress
G Requires Higher Rate Motor Win ing Insulation
(Recommen class H or ´Spike Resistantµ)
m Ñuestions?
m 9 vantages of D•
m Disa vantages of 9•
m Disa vantages of D•
m 9 vantages of 9•
m D• 9 vantages m 9• Disa vantages
" Full Torque at Zero " Torque Drop Off at
Spee Low Spee s (except
" Relatively Low Drive for vector an DT•
•ost rives)
" Reliable " Higher Drive •ost
" Historically Not as
Reliable But This Has
•hange Recently
m D• Disa vantages m 9• Drive 9 vantages
" Inefficient " Very Efficient
" Expensive Motors " Inexpensive Motor
" High Motor " Virtually No Motor
Maintenance Maintenance
" Motors •an Not Be Require
Wash Down " Many Types of
Motors to •hoose
From
m First Lets Look at Our Basic Formulas for
Power
m •onstant Torque Loa s
m Variable Torque Loa s
m Do Not •onfuse Torque an Horsepower
" Horsepower is a function of Torque an Spee
m Torque
" Define as a Force That Ten s to Pro uce Rotation
G Torque (LB. in.) = Force (lbs..) x Ra ius (in.)
note: notice that torque is not a function of spee
m Horsepower
" Define as power as a function of spee
G HP = Torque (lb. in) x RPM
63,025
Note: Notice that horsepower is a function
of spee
m •onstant Torque
" The amount of torque require remains constant
with spee
G Example: 9 conveyor with 2000 lbs. of rocks on an
incline. No matter if the conveyor moves at 10 feet per
minute or 100 feet you still nee to move the 2000 lbs.
Only the horsepower require will go up
G 9pplication Examples: •onveyors, elevators, cranes,
paper machines, steel machines, positive isplacement
pumps, etc.
m Variable Torque
" The torque require increases by a cube of spee
G Example: It is quite easy to turn a 10 foot iameter
supply fan by han very slowly but it takes a lot torque
to turn it at 500 RPM ue to loa ing.
G 9pplication Examples: Fans, centrifugal pumps
m By Matching the Output of the Drive to the
Loa Being Driven We •an Increase the Energy
Efficiency an /or the System Performance.
m Ñuestions?