PowerPoint to accompany

Welding
Principles and Practices
Third Edition
Sacks and Bohnart

Shielded
Metal Arc
Welding
Principles

Chapter 11
1
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Objectives

1. List the percentage of usage of SMAW in

the industry.
2. Name the components that make up the
schematic representation of the shielded
metal arc.
3. Know the maximum arc temperature of
an SMAW electrode.
4. List the four constant current welding
machines.
11 - 2
 Objectives

5. List the common type and uses of

constant current welding machines.
6. Name the power supply ratings.
7. Name the characteristics of the four basic
types of welding machines.
8. Choose the correct cable size based on
the application.
9. List the welders safety equipment.
11 - 3
 Shielded Metal Arc Welding
(SMAW)
Manual arc welding
Heat for welding generated by electric arc
established between flux-covered consumable
metal rod (electrode) and work
Called stick electrode welding
Combustion and decomposition of electrode
creases gaseous shield
Protects electrode tip, weld puddle, arc, and highly
heated work from atmospheric contamination
Additional shielding provided by covering of molten
slag (flux)

11 - 4
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
SMAW

American Welding Society

11 - 5
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Process Capability

Shielded metal arc welding one of most used

of various electric arc welding processes
9% 2%

13% SMAW
42% GMAW/FCAW
GTAW
SAW
Others

34%
11 - 6
 SMAW Advantages

Equipment less complex, more portable and

less costly
Can be done indoors or outdoors, in any
location and any position
Electrodes available to match properties and
strength of most base metals
Not used for welding softer metals
Not as efficient in deposition

11 - 7
 SMAW Operating Principles

Sets up electric circuit

Includes welding machine, work, electric cables,
electrode holder and electrodes, and a work
clamp
Heat of electric arc brings work to be welded
and consumable electrode to molten state
Heat intense: as high at 9,000F at center

11 - 8
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Welding Process

Electric arc started by striking work with

electrode
Heat of arc melts electrode and surface of base
metal
Tiny globules of molten metal form on tip of
electrode and transferred by arc into molten
pool on work surface
After weld started, arc moved along work

11 - 9
SMAW Operating Principle

American Welding Society

11 - 10
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Welding Power Sources

Each type of power source has fundamental

electrical differences that best suit particular
processes
Welding machine
Must meet changing arc load and environmental
conditions instantly
Must deliver exact amount of electric current
precisely at right time to welding arc
Available in wide variety of types and sizes

11 - 11
 Welding Power Sources

Also known as power supplies and welding

machines
Two classifications
Output slope
Whether constant current or constant voltage
Power source type
Transformer
Transformer-rectifier
Inverter
Generator

11 - 12
 Type of Output Slope

Two basic types

Constant current
Referred to as variable voltage
Constant voltage
Referred to as constant potential

11 - 13
 Output Slope

Relationship between output voltage and

output current (amperage) of machine as
current increased or decreased
Also called volt-ampere characteristic or curve
Largely determines how much welding current
will change for given change in load voltage
Permits welding machine to control welding heat
and maintain stable arc

11 - 14
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Output Slope

Indicates type and amount of electric current

designed to produce
Each arc welding process has characteristic
output slope
SMAW and GTAW require steep output slope from
constant current welding machine
GMAW and FCAW require relatively flat output
slope from constant voltage power source
Submerged arc welding adaptable to either slop

11 - 15
Typical Output Slopes

11 - 16
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Four Types of Power Source

Engine-driven generators
Powered by gas or diesel combustion engine
Can be found with a.c. or d.c. electric motor
No longer being manufactured and rarely found
Transformer-rectifiers
Use basic electrical transformer to step down a.c.
line power voltage to a.c. welding voltage
Welding voltage then passed through rectifier to
convert a.c. output to d.c. welding current
May be either d.c. or a.c.-d.c. machines
11 - 17
 Four Types of Power Source

A.C. transformers
Used to step down a.c. line power voltage to a.c.
welding voltage
Inverters
Increases frequency of incoming primary power
Constant current, constant voltage, or both
Produce a.c. or d.c. welding current

11 - 18
 Power Sources

Important to select right power source for each

job
Table 11-1 "Common types and uses of arc
welding machines" should be studied
Study of job indicates whether a.c. or d.c.
Shielded metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc
welding must use constant current machine
Gas metal arc prefers constant voltage machine

11 - 19
 Constant Current
Welding Machines
Used for shielded metal arc welding and gas
tungsten arc welding
Current remains fairly constant regardless of
changes in arc length
Called drooping voltage, variable voltage, or
droopers
Load voltage decreases as welding current increases

11 - 20
 Constant Current Output Slope

Constant current welding machines

Steep output slope
Available in both d.c. and a.c. welding current
Steeper the slope, the smaller current change
Enables welder to control welding current in
specific range by changing length of arc

11 - 21
 Constant Current
Output Slope
Some jobs require steep volt-ampere curve

Other jobs use less steep

volt-ampere curve

11 - 22
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Open Circuit Voltage

Voltage generated by welding machine when

no welding being done
Machine running idle
Arc voltage
Voltage generated between electrode and work
during welding
Load voltage
Voltage at output terminals of welding machine
when arc is going
Combination of arc voltage plus voltage drop in
welding circuit
11 - 23
 Open Circuit and Arc Voltage

Open circuit voltage runs between 50-100 volts

Drops to arc voltage when arc struck
Arc voltages
Range: 36 volts (long arc) to 18 volts (short arc)
Determined by arc length held by welder and type
of electrode used
Arc lengthened, arc voltage increases and
current decreases

11 - 24
 Open Circuit and Arc Voltage

Open circuit voltage on constant current

machines higher than on most constant voltage
machines
Arc voltage depends on physical arc length at
point of welding and controlled by welder
Shielded metal arc welding
Gas Tungsten arc welding
Arc voltage much lower than open circuit
voltage

11 - 25
 Motor Generator Welding
Machines
Usually supply only direct current
Can be made to supply a.c.
Most constant current type
Used chiefly for shielded metal arc welding
and gas tungsten arc welding

11 - 26
 Motor-Generator
Welding Machine
Sturdy steel lifting eye
Large voltmeter
Calibrated dial for easy,
fine adjustment of heat
and relation between
voltage and current
Outer wheel and dial
for selecting desired
welding range
Stop button

Hobart Brothers Co.

11 - 27
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Motor-Generator
Welding Machine
Ground cable
connector
Optional steel guard
Pressed steel bearing cap
Heavy-duty ball
bearings
Arc welded copper
squirrel cage rotor
Motor stator
Heavy steel fan
Hobart Brothers Co.

11 - 28
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Motor-Generator
Welding Machine
Steel frame
Fourpole "Multi-Range"
generator
Heavy-duty metallic
graphite brushes
Large commutator
Heavy-duty ball
bearings
Pressed steel bearing cap

Hobart Brothers Co.

Arc welded steel frame

11 - 29
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Motor-Generator
Welding Machine
Removable steel covers
Heavy-duty single unit
steel shaft
Welding cable connector
Polarity switch
Large ammeter
Steel turret top with
removable cover

Hobart Brothers Co.

11 - 30
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Motor Generator Welding
Machine for SMAW
Instruction on the
Variable Name-plate
voltage
control

Polarity switch
Constant
voltage

The Lincoln Co.

Toggle switch
Current control
11 - 31
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External Construction of d.c. Motor
Generator Welding Machine

The Lincoln Electric Co.

11 - 32
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 Internal Construction of a D.C.
Motor Generator Welding Machine

The Lincoln Electric Co.

11 - 33
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Motor Generator Desirable
Characteristics
Have forceful penetrating arc
Versatile
Can be used to weld all metals that are weldable by
arc process
Flexible
With proper electrode, can be used in all positions
Durable and have long machine life

11 - 34
 Generators

Classified by type of motor that drives

generator
Consists of a.c. motor, d.c. generator, and
exciter built on single shaft

Generators used
in the field

Miller Electric Mfg. Co. The Lincoln Electric Co.

11 - 35
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Sizes

Determined on basis of amperage

Range
100-ampere rated for home
1,500 ampere rated for use with automatic
submerged arc welding equipment
Manual welding machine idle sometimes
Automatic power supply units 100% duty cycle
Should not be used at or beyond max over extended
period

11 - 36
 Maintenance

Contacts of starter switch and control rheostat

should be inspected, cleaned frequently and
replaced when necessary
Brushes need frequent inspection for wear
Check commutator for wear or burning
Rewound and turned on lathe
Main bearings on shaft inspected and greased
at each 6-month period
Clean old grease out of bearing housings

11 - 37
 Start and Stop Buttons

Purpose of starting and stopping the motor

Start button black
Stop button red
Important buttons be engaged firmly

11 - 38
 Polarity Switch

Electrode negative and electrode positive used

in d.c. welding
DCEN (d.c. electrode negative)
Electrode connected to negative terminal of power
source and work connected to positive terminal
DCEP (d.c. electrode positive)
Electrode connected to positive terminal of power
source and work connected to negative terminal
Switch changes to either electrode positive or
electrode negative

11 - 39
 Volt-Ampere Meters

Sometimes serve dual purpose

Can indicate polarity as well as current
Others, individual meters for volts and amperes
Some, single meter that indicates both volts and
amperes
Button engaged to get individual readings
Would need second person for monitoring
Increased demand for additional devices so
meters have been discontinued by some
manufacturers
11 - 40
 Current Controls

Amperage
Quantity of current
Determines amount of heat produced at weld
Voltage
Measure of force of current
Determines ability to strike an arc and maintain its
consistency
Two types of dual control generators
Tapped-step current control
Continuously variable current control

11 - 41
 Dual Tapped-Current Control

Coarse adjustment dial selects current range

Called steps or taps
Impossible to secure current value between two
steps by setting dial between them
Fine adjustment dial trims current between steps
Whether set high or low depends on type and
size of electrode, thickness of metal, soft or digging
arc required, arc starting, restricting characteristics,
and Position of welding

11 - 42
 Dual Continuous Control

Coarse adjustment dial continuously adjusts

current
Fine dial adjusts both current(amperage) and
open circuit voltage
Operator adjusts output slope for given current
setting by manipulating both coarse and fine
adjustment dials together
Wheel or knob on both amperage and voltage
setting devices gives welder continuous control
of both
11 - 43
 Engine Driven Generator

Miller Electric Mfg. Co.

Capable of SMAW, GTAW,

SMAW, FCAW and PAC.
Miller Electric Mfg. Co.

11 - 44
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Remote Control

Welding machines may be installed in remote

part of plant
Welder may adjust current without leaving job
Timesaving on work
Welder does not have to leave fabrication to
readjust current

11 - 45
 Air Filters

Wear in arc welding machines costly

Cost of replacement parts and labor
Loss of production due to nonuse of machine
Bearing wear critical
May be reduced through use of air filter fitted on
suction end of motor generator machine
Filter cleaned regularly
High pressure air, commercial solvent or steam

11 - 46
 D.C. Transformer-Rectifier
Welding Machines
Have many designs and purposes
Flexibility one reason for wide acceptance
Deliver either DCEN or DCEP
May be used for:
Stick electrode welding
Gas tungsten arc welding
Submerged arc welding
Multi-operator systems
Stud welding Miller Electric Mfg. Co.
The Lincoln Electric Co.

11 - 47
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Transformer-Rectifier Machines

Have two basic parts

Transformer for producing and regulating
alternating current that enters machine
rectifier that converts a.c. to d.c.
Third important part is ventilating fan
Keeps rectifier from overheating
Design improves arc stability and makes it easy
to hold short arc which is soft and steady
No major rotating parts so consume little power
11 - 48
 A.C.-D.C. Transformer-Rectifier
Welding Machines
Permit welder to select either a.c. or d.c. and
electrode negative or electrode positive
Switch
Permits welder to use only transformer part of
machine for a.c. welding
Flipping switch then output current directed
through rectifier which converts it to d.c. welding
High frequency arc-starting devices,
water/gas flow controls, balance controls
for a.c. operation, remote control often built
into machine
11 - 49
 A.C.-D.C. Transformer-Rectifier
Welding Machines

A 300 amp model

shown in use

Miller Electric Mfg. Co.

The Lincoln Electric Co.

A 300 amp a.c.-d.c.
GTAW/SMAW The Lincoln Electric Co.
Portable SMAW/GTAW
machine. welding machine

11 - 50
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 A.C. Transformer Welding
Machines
Most popular a.c. welding machine
Function of transformer
Step down high voltage of input current to high
amperage, low voltage current required for welding
Especially suited
for heavy work

Miller Electric Mfg. Co

The Lincoln Electric Co.

11 - 51
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Advantages of a.c. Power
Sources
Reduces tendency to arc blow
Can use larger electrodes
Resulting in faster speeds on heavy materials
Lower cost
Decreased power consumption
High overall electrical efficiency
Noiseless operation
Reduced maintenance

11 - 52
 D.C. and A.C.-D.C. Inverter
Welding Machines
Portable, lightweight, and versatile
May be either constant current, constant
voltage or both
Can perform several different processes

Miller electric Mfg. Co.

The Lincoln Electric Co.

11 - 53
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Cost Comparisons:
Arc Power Sources
Three main areas
Cost of purchasing equipment (nearly equal)
Operating efficiency
Motor generator machine: 52-65%
Transformer-rectifiers: 64-72%
Inverters: 85% See Table 11-2
Maintenance for more comparisons
Motor generator machine: replacing parts, lubrication
Transformer-rectifiers and inverters have no moving parts

11 - 54
 Multiple-Operator Systems

Can be installed away from work site and be

connected to control panels close to welding
operator
When using direct current, all welders must
weld with same polarity
Most installations are d.c.
Power: 600-2,500 amperes
Cost less, saves space and
cable, lowers operating cost
Miller Electric Mfg. Co.

11 - 55
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Power Supply Ratings

Standards set
The National Electrical manufacturers Association
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Provide guidelines for manufacture and
performance of power sources
Rated by
Current output Efficiency of output
Open circuit voltage Power factor
Duty cycle

11 - 56
 Current Output

Rated on basis of current output in amperes

Amperage range
200 amperes or less for light or medium work
Over 2,000 amperes for submerged arc welding

11 - 57
 Open Circuit Voltage

Maximum allowable used for manual welding

80 volts for a.c. or a.c.-d.c. machines
100 volts for d.c. machines
Very smooth output (less than 2% ripple)
Automatic machine welding
Some constant current machines rated up to 125
Constant voltage types normally rated from
15 to 50

11 - 58
 Duty Cycle

Percentage of any given 10-minute period that

machine can operate at rated current without
overheating or breaking down
Rating of 100% means machine can be used at
rated amperage on continuous basis
Required by continuous, automatic machine welding
Rating of 60% means machine can be used at its
capacity 6 out of every 10 minutes without damage
Satisfactory for heavy SMAW and GTAW

11 - 59
 Efficiency

Relationship of secondary power output to

primary power input
Indicated in percent
Determined by losses through machine when
actually welding at rated current and voltage
Average efficiencies
Motor generator welding machines: 50%
Transformer-rectifier: 70%
Inverter: 85%

11 - 60
 Power Factor

Measure of how effectively welding machine

makes use of a.c. primary line power
Primary power used divided by amount total drawn
Expressed in percent
Three-phase d.c. transformer-rectifiers: 75%
Single-phase a.c. power units: 55%
Welding machines can be purchased with
power factor correction
11 - 61
 Power Cable

Conductors of ample capacity and adequately

insulated for voltage transmit power
Necessary to ground frame of welding machine
Portable cable with extra conductor fastened to
machine frame on one end and solid ground on
other
Important cable adequately insulated with
tough abrasion-resisting insulation
Stand up under rough usage in welding shops

11 - 62
 Electrode and Work Cable

Required to complete electric circuit between

welding machine and work
Electrode cable (welding cable) attached to
electrode holder
Work cable attached to work
Rubber-covered multistrand
copper cable generally used
Must have high flexibility
The Lincoln Electric Co.

11 - 63
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Cable Core Construction

Woven of thousands of very fine copper wire

Greater the number of strands the more flexible
Components
A. Wires stranded for extra flexibility
B. Paper wrapping around wires
allows conductor to slip within
robber covering when bent
C. Extra strength from open-braided
reinforcement of extra cotton cords
D. Special composition and curing of
heavy rubber covering

11 - 64
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Work Cable

Not necessary to have flexibility of electrode

cable See Table 11-3 to help
Usually same cable used choose the right size of
Important considerations welding cable
Amperage of welding machine
Distance from work
Larger cable
Greater the amperage and greater the distance
Resistance increases as diameter of cable decreases

11 - 65
 Cable Lugs

Required on both electrode cable and work

cable
Soldered or fastened mechanically
Connections MUST be tight and secure

11 - 66
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Work Clamps

Variety of structures to be welded; many types

of clamps may be used
Copper hook, heavy metal weight, C-clamp
Specialized work clamps
Rotary
This clamp stops twisting and turning of
type
welding cable where work rotates. Clamp
welded to part, thus permits work clamp to be
Lenco dba NLC. Inc.

attached in seconds. It is generally used in fabricating

Spring loaded
tanks, pressure vessels, and on weldC-clamp
positioners. Lenco dba NLC. Inc.
Lenco dba NLC. Inc.

11 - 67
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Quick Connector

Attached to ends of different lengths of cables

Allow quick and easy attachment to any length
cable

Lenco dba NLC. Inc.

This connector has cam-type action that ensures positive stop

and lock and cannot come loose or accidentally fall apart.

11 - 68
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Metal Electrode Holders

Device used for holding electrode

mechanically
Conveys electric current Lenco dba NLC. Inc.

from welding cable to electrode

Insulated handle protects hand from heat
Jaws of holder grip electrode at any angle
Made of metal with high electrical conductivity
and ability to withstand high temperatures
11 - 69
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Metal Electrode Holders

Jaws can be replaced with new ones

Should be light in weight, well-balanced and
have comfortable grip
Size of holder must be in line with size of
welding machine
Fully insulated so stays cool even with high
duty cycles

11 - 70
Spring Type Electrode Holder

Lenco dba NLC. Inc.

11 - 71
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Short-stub Electrode Holder

One-ton pressure High welding current conductance

contact Special extruded copper-alloy body
Cable connections

Bernard Welding Equipment Co.

Entirely insulated
Holds electrodes burned to very short stub.
Lifeguard insulation Twist-type locking device permits electrode-
gripping power in excess of 2,000 pounds.
11 - 72
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Angle-head Electrode Holder

Shorter and lighter

than other holders
of comparable capacity. Jackson Products Co.

Available in sizes of 400 and 600 amperes

and takes electrodes from 1/16 through
5/16 inch in diameter.

11 - 73
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Other Electric Arc processes

Generates heat for several major welding

processes
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW)
Arc cutting utilizes much of same equipment as
arc welding

11 - 74
 Carbon Arc Welding

Welding heat comes from arc formed between

base metal and carbon electrode or arc formed
between two carbon electrodes
With or without addition of filler rod
Carbon electrodes available: 1/4, 5/16, 3/8 inch
Alternating current: 30-125 amperes
Metal electrode holders not suitable
Carbon electrode hotter than metal electrode

11 - 75
 Twin Carbon Electrode Holder
Metal shield to protect welder's
Two leads are hand from intense heat.
required because
the arc is created
between the two
electrodes.
Larger than the The Lincoln Electric Co.

metal electrode
holder
Holder is water cooled

11 - 76
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Atomic-Hydrogen Arc Welding

Process in which electric arc surrounded by

atmosphere of hydrogen
Gas shields molten metal from oxidation and
contamination from the air
Transfers heat from electrode to work
Arc formed between two electrodes
Temperature produced by arc: 7,500F
Current supplied by a.c. welding transformer
Hydrogen supplied in cylinders
11 - 77
Atomic-Hydrogen Electrode
Holder

General Electric Co.

11 - 78
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Atomic-Hydrogen Arc Welding

Metal of same analysis as being welded can be

deposited
Welds may be heat treated
Unusually smooth, ductile, nonporous and free
from impurities
Surface free from scale
May weld hard-to-weld metals
Advantages: increased production, low
operating cost, and low maintenance cost
11 - 79
 Hand and Head Shields

Brilliant light caused by electric arc contains

two kinds of invisible rays which injure eyes
and skin
Ultraviolet
Infrared
Rays affect eyes within 50 feet;
and skin any distance within Fibre-Metal Products Co.

20 feet Hand shield so person may hold

shield in front of face
11 - 80
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Hand and Head Shields

Also called hood or helmet

Attached to adjustable headband
Allows it to be moved up or down as wearer desires
Dependable protection
Both hands free to grasp electrode holder
Partial protection
Must also wear leather or
Fibre-Metal Products Co.
nonflammable cap for adequate
protection
Fibre-Metal Products Co.
11 - 81
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Hand and Head Shields
Constructed of heat-resisting, pressed-fiber
insulating material
Shields fully molded at top and bottom to
protect head and neck
Usually black to reduce reflection with
window frame to hole protective lens Fibre-Metal Products Co.

Chrome leather helmets ideal for

hard-to-get-into areas.
Flip-front welding helmet permits welder to
inspect and brush weld without lifting the hood.
Wilson Products
11 - 82
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Head Shield Lens

Sizes: 2 x 4.5 or 4.5 x 5.25

Colored to screen out ultraviolet, infrared rays,
and most of visible rays
Variety of shades of color
Density depends on brilliance of arc
Varies with size of electrode and volume of current
Side exposed to weld pool protected by clear
polycarbonate plastic cover lens
Protect costly filter lens from molten metal spatter
and breakage (replaced when pitted and clouded)

11 - 83
 Auto-darkening Electronic
Filter Helmet
Useful when working close
quarters,
. doing high production
work, or avoiding inadvertent arc
strikes
Single shade or variable shades
Filter can switch from light to
dark in less than 1/10,000 of a
second
Jackson Products Co. Battery powered
May have solar battery booster

11 - 84
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Safety Glasses

Should be worn
Also behind hood to prevent severe arc
flash reaching eyes
Can Absorb more than 99.9%
harmful ultraviolet rays
Worn by others who work with
welders
Light in weight, well ventilated, and
comfortable
Lenses have light tint (Not dark!)
and tented side shields
RobCrandall/The Image Works

11 - 85
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Protective Clothing

Gloves to protect hands

Made of leather or some other type of fire-resistant material
Leather capes, sleeves, shoulder
garments with detachable bibs,
aprons
Split-type apron if sitting down
No place to collect hot particles
High-top shoes
Leggings and spats
Department of Labor

11 - 86
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Protective Clothing

100% cotton or wool

Thick enough to prevent
injurious untraviolet rays
from penetrating to skin
Long sleeves
Shirts buttoned to neck
Shirttails tucked
Cuffless pants long enough
to cover top of leather boots Miller Electric Mfg. Co.

11 - 87
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Protective Clothing

11 - 88
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Further Protection

Ear Protection
Full ear muffs that cover entire ear or ear plugs
Dangers
Noise
Hot weld spatter or slag entering ear canal
Flume Protection
Always use proper ventilation to keep head out of
fume plume

11 - 89