Microscopic System

Prepared by: Lim Ying Pei

FKK, UiTM Shah Alam
Fundamental Laws
1. CONTINUITY EQUATION
Total Continuity Equation
Component Continuity Equation
 Total Continuity Equation, TCE (Mass Balance)
The principle of the conservation of mass when
applied to a dynamic system says

Eq. (2.1)

- The right-hand side of Eq. (2.1) will be either a

partial derivative or an ordinary derivative d/dt of the
mass inside the system with respect to the
independent variable t.
- The units of this equation are mass per time.
- Only one total continuity equation can be written for
one system.
Example 2.2 (Microscopic System)

Question: Develop a total continuity equation, TCE for

the pipe.
 Component Continuity Equation,CCE
(Component Balance)

- The units of this equation are moles of component j per

unit time.
- The flows in and out can be both convective (due to bulk
flow) and molecular (due to diffusion).
- We can write one component continuity equation for
each component in the system.
Example 2.5 (Microscopic System)

Question : By assuming first-order reactions, develop

the component continuity equations for reactant A.
Fundamental Laws
2. ENERGY EQUATION
- Energy = Capacity of doing work
- May exist in variety of forms and maybe transformed
from one type of energy to another
- The first law of thermodynamics puts forward the
principle of conservation of energy.( Energy neither
generated or consumed)

-
- Written for a general open system (where
flow of material in and out of the system can
occur) it is

- The units of this equation is energy per time

Example 2.8 (Microscopic System)