Textbook:

Felder, R.M., Rousseau, R.W. & Bullard, L.G. 2016. Elementary Principles of Chemical
Processes (4th Ed.), John Wiley & Sons.

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 COURSE DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER 1: ENERGY AND ENERGY BALANCES

Forms of Energy: The First Law of Thermodynamics

Kinetic and Potential Energy
Energy Balances on Closed Systems
Energy Balances on Open Systems at Steady State
Tables of Thermodynamic Data
Energy Balance Procedures
Mechanical Energy Balances

CHAPTER 2: BALANCES ON NONREACTIVE PROCESSES

Elements of Energy Balance Calculations

Changes in Pressure at Constant Temperature
Changes in Temperature
Phase-Change Operations
Mixing and Solution
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 CHAPTER 3: BALANCES ON REACTIVE PROCESSES

Heats of Reaction
Measurement and Calculation of Heats of Reaction: Hess’s Law
Formation Reactions and Heats of Formation
Heats of Combustion
Energy Balances on Reactive Processes
Fuels and Combustion

CHAPTER 4: BALANCES ON TRANSIENT PROCESSES

The General Balance Equation

Material Balances
Energy Balances on Single-Phase Nonreactive Processes
Simultaneous Transient Balances

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 Energy and Energy Balances
Forms of Energy: The First Law of Thermodynamics
Kinetic and Potential Energy
Energy Balances on Closed Systems
Energy Balances on Open Systems at Steady State
Tables of Thermodynamic Data
Energy Balance Procedures
Mechanical Energy Balances

Dr. Mohammad Batiha

Department of Chemical Engineering
Al-Hussein Bin Talal University
Email: mbatiha@ahu.edu.jo

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 Typical problems that may be solved using energy balances:
1. How much power is required to pump liquid from a
storage vessel to a process unit?
2. How much energy is required to convert liquid water to
steam?
3. A highly exothermic chemical reaction A → B takes
place in a continuous reactor. At what rate must energy
be transferred from the reactor to keep the contents
below a specified temperature?

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 4. How much coal must be burned each day to produce
enough energy to generate the steam to run the turbines
to produce enough electricity to meet the daily power
requirements of a city?
5. In any chemical plant, each individual unit either
requires or releases energy.
(a) How can the process operation be designed to minimize
the total energy requirement?
(b) What is the total energy requirement for the final
process design, and how much will it cost to provide this
energy?

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 1. FORMS OF ENERGY: FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

The total energy of a system has three components:

1. Kinetic energy: Energy due to the translational motion
of the system as a whole relative to some frame of
reference or to rotation of the system about some axis.
2. Potential energy: Energy due to the position of the
system in a gravitational field.
3. Internal energy: All energy possessed by a system other
than kinetic and potential energy, such as energy due to
the motion of molecules relative to the center of mass
of the system, to the rotational and vibrational motion
and the electromagnetic interactions of the molecules,
and to the motion and interactions of the atomic and
subatomic constituents of the molecules.
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 2. KINETIC AND POTENTIAL ENERGY

The kinetic energy, Ek (J), of an object of mass m (kg)

moving with velocity u (m/s) relative to the surface of the
earth is:

If a fluid enters a system with a mass flow rate 𝑚ሶ (kg/s) and

uniform velocity u (m/s), then

𝐸ሶ 𝑘 (J/s) is the rate at which kinetic energy is transported

into the system by the fluid.

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 The gravitational potential energy of an object of mass m is:

where g is the acceleration of gravity z is the height of the

object above a reference plane at which Ep is arbitrarily
defined to be zero.

If a fluid enters a system with a mass flow rate 𝑚ሶ and an

elevation z relative to the potential energy reference plane,
then

𝐸ሶ 𝑘 (J/s) is the rate at which gravitational potential energy is

transported into the system by the fluid.

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 INTERNAL ENERGY

1. Sensible energy

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 INTERNAL ENERGY

2. Latent energy (intermolecular forces)

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 Internal energy

3. Chemical energy (energy stored in chemical bonds)

4. Nuclear energy (binding force in the nucleus)

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 UNIT OF ENERGY
Energy, like work, has units of force times distance.
joules (N .m), ergs (dyne cm), and ft. lbf .
It is also common to use energy units defined in terms of
the amount of heat that must be transferred to a specified
mass of water to raise the temperature of the water by a
specified temperature interval at a constant pressure of 1
atm. The most common of these units are tabulated here.

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 IN CLASS EXERCISE

Convert 45 Btu/Ibm to the following:

1. cal/Kg
2. J/kg
3. kWh/kg
4. ft.lbf/lbm

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 3. ENERGY BALANCES ON CLOSED SYSTEMS

A system is termed closed (batch) or open (semibatch and

continuous) according to whether or not mass crosses the
system boundary during the period of time covered by the
energy balance.

The energy balance for a closed system between two

instants of time is:

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 or, if the symbol Δ is used to signify (final – initial),
The basic form of the first
law of thermodynamics for
a closed system.

You should be aware of the following points:

1. If no temperature changes, phase changes, or chemical
reactions occur in a closed system and if pressure
changes are less than a few atmospheres, then ΔU  0.
2. If a system is not accelerating, then ΔEk = 0. If a system is
not rising or falling, then ΔEp = 0.
3. If the process is adiabatic, then Q = 0.
4. If there are no moving parts or electrical currents at the
system boundary, then W = 0.
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