WiMAX Key Technologies

ZTE University
CDMA-BSS Team
Contents

• Advance Antenna Technologies

• Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
• Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
• Scheduling Algorithms
• Handoff
• Power Control
• Power Saving Modes
• Quality of Service (QoS)
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Advance Antenna Technologies

 AAS – Adaptive Antenna System

 Beamforming (Smart Antenna)
 MIMO – Multiple Input – Multiple Output
 Space Time Coding (STC), Spatial Multiplexing (SM)
 Advantages:
 Increased range/coverage
 Increased capacity
 Improved link quality/reliability
 Increase spectral efficiency
 Lower power requirements
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Beamforming
 Beamforming is a technique to
control the directionality/sensitivity of
an array antenna’s radiation pattern
based on the interference.
 Each user’s signal is multiplied with
complex weights that adjust the
magnitude and phase of the signal
to and from each antenna. It causes
the output from the array of
antennas to form a transmit/receive
beam in the desired direction and
minimizes the output in other
directions.

Space Time Coding (STC)
 Space Time Coding transmit
multiple, redundant copies of a
data stream to the receiver in the
hope that at least some of them
may survive the physical path
between transmission and
reception in a good enough state to
allow reliable decoding.
 WiMAX specifies Alamouti scheme
for space-time coding.
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 Types:
 Trellis codes (STTC)
– provide both coding
gain and diversity gain.
 Block codes (STBC)
– provide only
diversity gain but is
less complex. Used in
WiMAX.
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Spatial Multiplexing (SM)

 In SM-MIMO, multiple streams are
transmitted over multiple antennas.
 If the receiver also has multiple
antennas, it can separate the different
streams to achieve higher throughput.
 The mobile WiMAX standard covers a
suite of MIMO encoding techniques for
up to 4 antennas at each end of the link
(4*4 MIMO)

 UL Collaborative MIMO
 Two separate WiMAX devices,
each having a single transmit
lineup, utilize the same frequency
allocation to communicate with the
dual-antenna WiMAX base
station.
 Double the uplink capacity of the
WiMAX system.
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Adaptive Switching for Antenna
Contents

• Advance Antenna Technologies

• Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
• Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
• Scheduling Algorithms
• Handoff
• Power Control
• Power Saving Modes
• Quality of Service (QoS)
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HARQ
 HARQ (Hybrid ARQ) is a combination of ARQ (Automatic Repeat
Request) and FEC (Forward Error Correction) coding.
 An HARQ scheme uses an error control code in conjunction with the
retransmission scheme to ensure reliable transmission of data
packets.
 Every sent packet includes parity bits for error correction and
detection.
 Within the FEC capability, the errors will be corrected.

 Beyond the FEC capability, ARQ is used.

 HARQ types:
 Chase Combining

 Incremental Redundancy

Base
Station
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Type I – Chase Combining

 In chase combining, the receiver keeps the frame

with error and combines it with the retransmitted
frame before attempting to decode the information.
 The combination can obtain a data frame with higher
SNR. It provides powerful error correction capability
and is very suited for channels with strong
interference.
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Type II – Incremental Redundancy

 Incremental Redundancy improves the correct

decoding probability by gradually reducing the
encoding rate -- the redundancy of the code words
is increased incrementally.
 It can adaptively adjust the encoding rate of the
transmit end according to the instantaneous
decoding condition.
 Only applicable to CC & CTC (Convolutional Turbo
Coding)
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Forward Error Correction

 The transmit end sends correctable codes and the

receiver uses a code correction decoder to
automatically detect errors and perform error
correction.
 Coding schemes:
 Convolutional Coding (CC)
 Block Turbo Coding (BTC)
 Convolutional Turbo Coding (CTC)
 Low Parity Density Check (LDPC)
 CC is a mandatory scheme, while the others are
optional schemes. However, most manufacturers
implement CTC for its better performance.
Contents

• Advance Antenna Technologies

• Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
• Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
• Scheduling Algorithms
• Handoff
• Power Control
• Power Saving Modes
• Quality of Service (QoS)
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AMC
 AMC stands for Adaptive
Modulation and Coding
 Dynamically varies the size

of the raw channel.

 Channel capacity can vary

depending on link
conditions
 Key Features:
 Increases the effective

coverage range.
 Allows the system to adapt
to the actual fading
conditions, and use higher
modulation schemes when
possible.
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AMC
 Mobile WiMAX supports AMC in both downlink and
uplink with variable packet size.
Technology DL Modulation DL Code Rate UL Modulation UL Code Rate

64QAM CC, CTC: 16QAM CC, CTC:

16QAM 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 QPSK 1/2, 2/3, 5/6
Mobile QPSK Repetition: 64QAM Repetition:
WiMAX x2, x4, x6 (optional) x2, x4, x6
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AMC
 The system should have timely and accurate understanding of
the channel performance.
 OFDM system can use pilot signals or reference code

words with known data to test the SINR of each channel

 According to the SINR, determine the most appropriate

modulation mode.
Contents

• Advance Antenna Technologies

• Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
• Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
• Scheduling Algorithms
• Handoff
• Power Control
• Power Saving Modes
• Quality of Service (QoS)
 内部公开▲

Resource allocation
 Resource allocation uses scheduling
algorithms to determine which users
to schedule, how to allocate sub-
carriers to them, and which power
level is appropriate.
 Aim of resource allocation:
 Take advantage of multiuser
diversity and adaptive
modulation to provide high
throughput while considering
fairness among users in the
system.

CSI – Channel State Information

Multiuser diversity describes the gains available by selecting

a user or sub-set of users having “good” conditions
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Scheduling Algorithms
 Fair throughput scheduling
 Allocate same throughput to all subscribers.

 Different Subscribers can obtain the same throughput.

 Fair time scheduling

 Allocate same occupation time to all subscribers.

 Different Subscribers can get equivalent bandwidth.

 Max C/I scheduling
 All the subscribers to be served according to the expected
C/I value of signals.
 Round Robin(RR)
 All the subscribers can occupy resources by turns in a
specific sequence.
 Proportional Fairness Scheduling (PFS)
 In a short term, the algorithm takes channel conditions into
prior consideration.
 In a long term,ensures fair throughput for every subscriber.
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Algorithm Comparison

Algorithm Sum Capacity Fairness Complexity

Fair throughput Medium Best High

Fair time Low Better Low

Max C/I Highest Worst Lower

RR Medium Better Low

PFS Higher Better Lower

Contents

• Advance Antenna Technologies

• Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
• Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
• Scheduling Algorithms
• Handoff
• Power Control
• Power Saving Modes
• Quality of Service (QoS)
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Handoff
 Mobility management, enables the MS
to retain its connectivity to the network
while moving from the coverage area of
one BS to the next thru the handoff
process.
 Handover Schemes
 Optimized Hard Handover (OHHO)
 Fast Base Station Switching (FBSS)
 Macro Diversity Handover (MDHO)
 Handover Control
 Mobile initiated
 BS initiated
 Network initiated
 Cell Selection
 Neighbor advertisements from
Serving BS
 Periodic intervals for scanning
Neighbor BS
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Handoff Process

MS performs scanning and association with one or

Cell Selection more neighboring BSs to determine their suitability
as a handoff target

MS sends request message to the BS indicating one or

Handoff decision more BSs as handoff targets. BS sends a response
and initiation message indicating the target BSs for handoff. MS selects
the target BS by sending an handoff indication message.

Synchronization to MS receives the DL preamble to get time and frequency

synchronization for the DL transmission, and decode
target BS DL/UL-MAP for more information on the ranging channel.

MS uses the ranging channel to synchronize its UL

Ranging to target BS transmission with the BS and get information about
initial timing advance and power level

Previous BS starts resource retain

Release of timer and holds MAC PDU associated
previous BS with MS until the timer expires
Contents

• Advance Antenna Technologies

• Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
• Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
• Scheduling Algorithms
• Handoff
• Power Control
• Power Saving Modes
• Quality of Service (QoS)
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Power Control
 Purpose of power control
 Remove the influence of slow fading in the wireless

channel
 Prevent power increase to decrease the overall interference

level of the system

 Reduce the Tx power to the minimum level that meets the

communication quality requirement.

 Principles of power control
 Power balance

 Ensure approximately equal power of the wanted signals at

the receive end
 SNR balance
 Ensure approximately equal C/I at the receive end
 BER/FER balance
 Ensure approximately equal BER/FER at the receive end
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Power Control
 Power Control Methods:
 Open loop – MS vary their own transmit power according to
received signal quality.

Reverse Open Loop

Power Control

 Closed loop - power is varied according to the base station

decision from comparison of the received signal quality to a
setpoint.

Mobile BTS
or
Reverse Closed Loop Signal Strength
Power Control Measurement

Setpoint
Contents

• Advance Antenna Technologies

• Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
• Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
• Scheduling Algorithms
• Handoff
• Power Control
• Power Saving Modes
• Quality of Service (QoS)
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Power Saving Modes

 Power management allows an MS to conserve

battery resources, a critical feature for handheld
devices.
 Power saving modes:
 Sleep Mode
 Idle Mode (optional)
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Sleep Mode
 In sleep mode, an MS with active connections negotiates with
the BS to temporarily disrupt its connection over the air
interface for a predetermined amount of time, called the sleep
window.
 Each sleep window is followed by a listen window, during
which the MS restores its connection.

Periodic sleep intervals

MS request BS to
enter sleep mode

Active Sleeps Listens Sleeps Listens

Periodic listen intervals

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Idle Mode
 In Idle mode, MS can receive broadcast/multicast service
without registering to the network.
 Cell selection may occur but no handoff happens thus saving
power on the MS and saving resources on the BS.
 Paging is used to alert MS of incoming message.
 MS associates to a broadcast region formed by a paging group.

Paging
Paging Group 3
Group 1 Paging
Group 2
Contents

• Advance Antenna Technologies

• Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
• Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
• Scheduling Algorithms
• Handoff
• Power Control
• Power Saving Modes
• Quality of Service (QoS)
 内部公开▲
Quality of Service (QoS)
 With fast air link, symmetric downlink/uplink capacity, fine
resource granularity and a flexible resource allocation
mechanism, Mobile WiMAX can meet QoS requirements for a
wide range of data services and applications.
 Unsolicited grant services (UGS) - support fixed-size data
packets at a constant bit rate (CBR).
 Real-time polling services (rtPS) - support real-time service
flows, such as MPEG video, that generate variable-size
data packets on a periodic basis.
 Non-real-time polling service (nrtPS) - support delay-
tolerant data streams, such as an FTP, that require
variable-size data grants at a minimum guaranteed rate.
 Best-effort (BE) service - support data streams, such as
Web browsing, that do not require a minimum service-level
guarantee.
 Extended real-time variable rate (ERT-VR) service - support
real-time applications, such as VoIP with silence
suppression, that have variable data rates but require
guaranteed data rate and delay
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Qos Service Types