SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

TO WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

T.vamsi kiran G.V.Sandeep

III Year ECE III Year ECE
Bapatla Engineering College Bapatla Engineering College
Bapatla-522101 Bapatla-522101
talluri_vamsi@yahoo.co.in sandeep_gv436@yahoo.co.in

Abstract: Spread Spectrum (SS) radio place. WLAN systems based on SS have exhibited
communications is on the verge of potentially enormous growth in popularity the benefits of SS
explosive commercial development. A SS multiple signaling are well known and have been extensively
accesses, such as CDMA, have been chosen for 3G described in literature.
wireless communications. Other current applications
It can provide Protection against jamming .It can
of SS techniques are in Wireless LAN and Satellite
operate with a low power spectral density and facilitate
Navigation Systems. However, SS techniques will
coexistence with other systems it is difficult to detect for
play important role also in future wireless
unauthorized receivers [Moreover, SS provides effective
applications, mainly combined with other
means for communicating reliably over channels that
technologies such as OFDM, MIMO and UWB. In
exhibit multipath propagation .
this paper, after an overview on SS signaling and its
While SS techniques have a predominant position in
advantages, some of the most important techniques
current wireless applications and future wireless
based on SS signaling for current and future wireless
communications. Other technologies have been
applications are described. Particular relevance is
considered for future communication systems, such as:
given to DS- CDMA and hybrid CDMA-based
(1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
multiple access schemes, such as TDMA-
(OFDM) based systems, or more in general multicarrier
OFDM,OFDM-CDMA.
systems.(2) MIMO systems, which aim at employing
the spatial diversity of the wireless channel.
1. INTRODUCTION
However, SS/CDMA has still unique features that future
SPREAD Spectrum (SS) radio communications, born systems must take advantage of When multiple
as a military technology, is now widely exploited for access to a common communication means is
commercial and industrial purposes. Applications for considered, characteristics such as soft-capacity, the
commercial SS techniques range from cellular proper use of the power control and flexibility features
communications, Wireless LAN (Local Area Network), that represent requirements for future wireless systems
Satellite Navigation Systems [To Developments in 3G .As a mater of fact, combination of CDMA with OFDM,
systems based on SS/Code Division Multiple Access in different variants is one of the main candidate for 4G
(SS/CDMA) have reached a level of maturity where systems.
commercial products and operational networks are in
The overview on SS techniques that is presented in this
paper aims at outlining the main characteristics that
makes SS signalling attractive for future developments
in wireless communications. Moreover, the main current
and future applications of SS techniques in wireless
communications are presented.
2. SS CONCEPT AND BENEFITS
A SS signal is a signal obtained by direct method of the
data by a relatively wideband signal that is uncorrelated
with the information signal and it is derived from a
digital sequence. This process of ‘‘spreading the
transmission power over a wider spectrum, makes the
signal not distinguishable from back ground noise
during the transmission. Therefore, a not intended
observer would overlook it. Only the intended receiver
is able to detect the signal by knowing the sequence
used for the spreading process. The background noise
could include other wideband signals with more or less
the same power level. In this way, the SS principle can
be used for multiple access to the channel. Different
users can transmit simultaneously, in the same band, by
using different spreading sequences, with low cross-
correlation properties. An important characteristic of
this multiple access technique is that users can start their
transmissions at any arbitrary time, No synchronization
in the transmissions is needed. Furthermore, by
transmitting a wideband signal and by using a RAKE
receiver it is also possible to get frequency diversity
gain over a frequency selective channel. Other
properties coming from the wideband noise-like
structure of the signal are:
(I) A narrow band signal, intentionally transmitted to
disturb the communication, will be spread at the
receiver by the depreading process, thus making his
contribution negligible in the band of information signal
(anti-jamming).
(2) SS signals can be overlaid onto bands where other
systems are already operating, with minimal
performance impact to or from the other systems. This
feature make unlicensed SS operation attractive to
manufactures.
(3) SS wideband signals can be used to construct very
precise ranging and radar systems . This aspect have
been commonly used in the aerospace field for many
years.
3. SS AND MULTIPLE ACCESS
In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) protocols
the entire transmission bandwidth is shared between all
users at all time and the multiple access property is
achieved by assigning each user a different code. This
code is used in the spreading process. The receiver
receives multiple wide band signals and uses the code
assigned to the user to transform the received wideband
signal back to the original signal. During this process,
the desired signal power is compressed into the original
signal bandwidth while the wideband signals of the
users remain wideband signals and appear as noise
when compared to the desired signal. As long as the
number of interfering users is not too large, the signal-
to-noise ratio will be large enough to extract the desired
signal without error. Thus in this case the multiple
access protocol behaves as a contentionless protocol.
However, if the number of users rises above a certain
limit, the interference becomes-too large for the desired
signal to be extracted and contention occurs, thus
making the protocol interference limited
3.1 Direct Sequence CDMA
In DS-CDMA, each user’s information symbol is spread
over the wideband channel by its unique signature
sequence (c1,c2,…. .. cN) characterized by a chip
waveform
where Tc is the chip period.
The number of chips per bit, N, is known as spreading
factor. The overall spread of the bandwidth is called
processing gain G, defined as the ratio between the
bandwidth of the transmitted signal and the bandwidth
of the information signal.
Denoting bi(j) w{±l) with the binary data stream that the
user i intends to transmit (or, the base station intends so
transmit towards the user i), the transmitted signal by
the user (Or towards the user is written as above)
gTb(t) is the impulse response of the transmit filter and
I/Tb is the bit rate, Po is the transmission power
by/towards the user i. It is written as a product of a
nominal value P equal for each user and a factor that
depends on the power control strategy adopted. This
notation for the transmission power is useful as Base
Station (BS)-Mobile Station (MS) link analysis are
considered where the focus is on the transmission power
level and not the received power levels like in the
opposite link. In the case of a general asynchronous
system with K users, the received signal from the user
of interest.
where tj and Θj represent a random delay and a random
frequency phase for thej-th user, Without lack of
generality it has been assumed that the random delay
and frequency phase of the user of interest are zero. n(t)
denotes the thermal noise, modelled as an additive white
Gaussian noise with to” “sided power spectral density
No/2.The generation of PN codes is relatively very easy,
a number of shift-registers is that all required. For this
reason it is easy to introduce large processing gain in
direct-sequence systems.
3.2 Recievers for DS-CDMA
The receiver has the task to discriminate among users.
We focus on the class of linear receivers, i.e., receivers
that operate linearly on the total received signal to
demodulate the symbol of a particular user.
3.2.1 Multiuser Detection
In a conventional receiver, power control is the only
counter-measure available for the near-far problem. It
has bees well appreciated that the near-far problem is
not actually intrinsic to a direct sequence CDMA
system, but it ,is due to the sub-optimality of the
matched filter receiver that is optimized for an AWGN
channel and does not take into account the structured
nature of the interference. Performance gain can be
achieved with receivers that take into account the real
structure of the multiuser interference. In multiuser
detection, code and timing information of multiple users
are jointly used to better detect each individual user.
Tire subject of the Multi User Detection (MUD) in
CDMA system is a hectic research area .It is worth to
outline that, even if MUD receivers have been
conceived to avoid the exploitation of power control to
counteract the sear-far problem, power control is still a
fundamental resource allocation means .
3.3 Power Control
Since spread spectrum systems do not explicitly
schedule time or frequency slots among users, one of
the central mechanisms for the interference management
is the power control. Each user varies its access to she
resources by adapting its transmit power to the changing
channel and interference conditions, When the link
mobile-to-bane station (reverse link) and a traditional
correlator receiver are considered, power control is
needed for facing the near- far problem. In the common
power control policy users equalize their received
powers so that nearby user’s do not dominate over the
far away users. Power control strategies
implemented through the combination of two different
techniques:
techniques in CDMA systems induces a kind of time
division in the system. This observation can help in
understanding the trade-off and advantages that can he
achieved by combining TDMA and CDMA.
3.5 FHSS
The bandwidth is divided in a higher number of
contiguous frequency slots.In each bit interval, the
signal occupies one or more of these frequency slots.
The frequency slots to be occupied are chosen, on a per
symbol basis according to the output of a PN
sequence generator.
are

Opens-Loop power control to compensate the path

attenuation and the slow shadowing. Such a control is
based on an estimate, of the deviation of the received
pilot power with respect to its nominal level. This
estimate is used to correct the uplink power, assuming
symmetry in the loss between downlink and uplink.
Closed-Loop power control, to provide fine correction
of signal level variations, and to compensate for MAI-
induced impairments. A quasi-real time estimation of
some parameters used to measure the quality of service
at the receiver is performed at the other end of the link,
According to this estimation, incremental adjustments of
the transmitted power are then sent back by the receiver
in the form of in-band signalling packets.
3.4 TDMA and CDMA
When there are structured and foreseen asymmetries in
the traffic or channel characteristics, the fixed allocation
achieved in TDMA systems could he mote efficient in
the resource exploitation with respect to CDMA
systems, Actually, effective resource allocation
4. SS AND CURRENT SYSTEMS
4.1 CDMA 2000
In the frame of the evolved 2G system, cdma2000 is the
evolution of the 2G IS-95 CDMA system .To be
backward-compatible with IS-95 networks, cdma2000
retains many of the attributes of the IS-95 air interface
design. This compatibility stems from adopting a chip
rate that is a multiple of the IS-95b
Adopting a synchronous mode of operation,
transmission and reception timings of cell sites are
synchronized by a single common timing source such as
the Global Positioning System (GPS). Variable length
Walsh codes (from 4 to 1024 bits) are used for the
spreading on supplemental channels to support various
information rates .In the forward link Walsh codes are
unique within channels of the same user as well as
across different users in the same cell. Cell separation is
performed by two PN sequences of length 2^15-1 chips,
one for the in-phase channel and one for lie in
quadrature channel, Shifted version (in multiples of 64
chips) of the same sequences are used in different cells.
Each cell uses a unique PN offset to distinguish its
transmission from its neighboring cells.
Reverse link, cdma2000 also uses Walsh codes to
differentiate between channels from the same user.
User separation is achieved by user-specific long PN
codes. All the users mall cells use the same long code,
However, the ‘transmission from different users is offset
by different number of bits. This offset is achieved by
using the Electronic Serial Number (ESN) which is
unique to each mobile station, cdms2000 introduces a
dedicated and common control channels to provide
efficient packet data services. Fast power control with
an update rate of 800 Hz is applied only in the reverse
link of IS-95. Its implementation also is the forward link
provides significant performance improvements in low
mobility environment where most of the high data rate
applications will occur.
4.2 WCDMA
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMT)
is the European version of IMT-2000 3G cellular
system. W-CDMA (Wideband - CDMA) supported by
groups in Japan (ARIB) and Europe and backward
compatible with GSM, has been selected for the UTR
frequency division duplex (FDD).
In FDD mode, a physical channel is defined by its code
and frequency and possibly by the relative phase. They
have the following structure: a frame length of 10ms
organized is 15 time slots. The frame is the minimum
transmission element in which lie in information rate is
kept constant. The source bit rate can in different frame
by frame while the chip rate is always kept constant. A
time slot has a duration of 10/15 ms and it is the
minimum transmission clement in which the
transmission power is kept constant. Power control can
update the transmission power level each time slot Dual
channel quadrature phase shift keying modulation is
adopted on the reverse link, where the reverse link
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) and the
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) are
mapped to the land Q channels, respectively. The I and
Q channels are then spread to the chip rate with two
different channelization codes and subsequently
complex-scrambled by a MS-specific complex code.
4.3 WLAN
Wireless-LAN systems is a technology that can provides
very high data rate applications and individual links,
e.g., in company campus areas, conference centers,
airports and represents an attractive way of setting up
computers networks in environments where cable
installation is expensive or not feasible, They represent-
the coming together of two of the fastest-growing
segments of the computer industry, LANs and mobile
computing, than recalling the attention of equipment
manufactures.
5. SS IN FUTURE SYSTEMS
5.1 Multicarrier CDMA and 4G
The use of conventional CDMA does not seem to
realistic when the data transmission rate goes to the
order hundred megabits per second due to the severe
inter-code. Interference and the difficulty to synchronize
such sequence. Techniques of reducing both the symbol
rate the chip rate are essential in this case. OFDM
combined with CDMA can solve this problem. Such a
system that combine orthogonal multicarrier modulation
and CDMA is usually referred to as multicarrier
CDMA or OFDM-CDMA Various multicarrier CDMA
schemes have been proposed in literature .The common
point of these proposals to change the conventional
serial transmission of data/chip stream into parallel
transmission of data/chip symbols over a large number
of narrow band orthogonal carriers, hence the bit and
chip duration is increased proportionally. Multicarrer
CDMA schemes are:
 1.spreading in the frequency domain techniques have opened new and unexpected research
areas in a field that have been already extensively
2.spreading in the time domain similar to conventional
exploited by the wireless community.
DS-CDMA scheme.

5.2 UWB and SS

7. REFERENCES
UWB technology has attracted considerable interest in
[1] .IETE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH
the research and standardization communities, due to its
Vol 51, no.1 Jan-Feb 20005 pp5-18.
promising ability to provide high data rate at low cost
[2]. Shinsuke Hara , Ramjee Prasad,
with relatively low power consumption. When the
Multi carrier technologies for 4G mobile
multiple access to the channel is required, several
Communications.
choices can be considered: TDMA, Carrier Sense
[3]. Dinan H E and Jabbari,
Multiple Access (CSMA) and CDMA
Spreading codes for direct-sequence
Systems using CSMA techniques to access the channel CDMA and WCDMA cellular networks
are efficient when on average no more than one user is
[4].Prasad R., CDMA for wireless personal
accessing the channel at any given time. CDMA
systems are more efficient when there are many users, communications
or when the duration of channel access is long, For
instance, for video delivery in home there maybe only a
handful of links active

at any given lime, but these are likely to be of extremely

long duration. When all links are uncoordinated, CDMA
can be an effective method of sharing the network under
heavy load since collisions do not necessarily result in
lost packets, CDMA systems on overlay networks will
reject the other networks in the same manner as
interferers on the same network. CDMA also offers the
possibility, of using techniques such as multi-user
detection to boost the system capacity.

6. CONCLUSIONS

No need of’ synchronization when accessing a shared

channel, flexibility in supporting heterogeneous services
both in terms of data rates and QoS requirements,
capability of coexistence with other systems operating
in the same frequency bands, are some of the advantages
of SS.based systems that make them an attractive
solution also for future wireless applications. UWB
technology, combination of SS with OFDM and MIMO