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Methods To Facilitate High Compression Ratio .: Fuel Injection Systems For CI Engines
Methods To Facilitate High Compression Ratio .: Fuel Injection Systems For CI Engines
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Start of End of
injection injecction
-10
Schematic of a diesel spray & Transport Process
Events in CI Combustion
Fuel Injection System for CI Engines
• The fuel is to be introduced into the cylinder of a diesel engine
through a nozzle with a large pressure differential across the
nozzle orifice.
• The cylinder pressure at injection is typically in the range of 50
to 100 atm.
• Fuel injection pressures in the range of 200 to 1700 atm are
used depending on the engine size and type of combustion
system employed.
• These large pressure differences across the injector nozzle are
required so that the injected liquid fuel jet will enter the
chamber at sufficiently high velocity to
• Atomize into small-sized droplets to enable rapid evaporation.
• Traverse the combustion chamber in the time available and fully
utilize the air charge.
Ecological Awareness : European Standards
Types of CI Engine Injection Systems
• Fuel-Injection Systems
• Unit Injector System (UIS) – Single-Cylinder CI Engine.
• Unit Pump System (UPS) – Multi-cylinder CI Engine.
• Common Rail Injection System (CRS) – Multi-cylinder CI
Engine.
Development of Injection Pressure & Injection
System in CI Engines
Common Rail Diesel Injection System
m f CD An 2 f p
d
m f CD An 2 f p
360 N
Fuel Exiting into High Pressure& Temperature Air
Enviroment : An unexplored Fluid Mechanics
Coefficient of Discharge
Nurick’s Number, K
p1 pv
K
p1 p2
• After break-up, the fuel jet behaves as a gas jet and follows
the moment conservation law.
• jet centreline (um) is
• After the fuel jet has impinged the opposite chamber wall,
the movement of the wall jet is complicated.
• Many experimental formulae have been suggested in the
design methodologies.
• One such formulae used to calculate the velocity of the
zone that has impinged on the wall :
Spray Velocity Distribution in A Two Hole Nozzle
Effect of Swirl
Spray Velocity Distribution in A Two Hole Nozzle
Effect of Swirl
Air entrainment and mixing
• The rate of air entrainment into each zone is calculated on
the basis of the momentum conservation principle.
• The rate of entrainment relates not only to the fuel but also
to the air–fuel ratio in the quiescent combustion chamber.
• It is observed that the rate of air entrainment increases with
the increase of air–fuel ratio in the cylinder.
• The entrainment factor ce is linearly related to the
equivalence air–fuel, .
d d2
dt
where is the evaporation constant for forced convection.
The evaporation in forced convection
• The evaporation constant in forced convection
0 1 0.276 Re 0.5
Sc 1/ 3
ln 1 B
8k
0
f cp
Where, k is the thermal conductivity of the gas,
Cp is the specific heat of the gas,
f is the density of the fuel and
B=the transfer number
c p T T f
1 QY0
B
h fg
where τ is the ignition delay, Pg and Tg are the ambient gas mean
pressure and temperature before autoignition takes place,
A, B and n are experimental constants.
Arhenius-type equation for Ignition Delay
2.5
pcyl 6000
id 4.0 10 3
1.04
g exp
pref T
p 6000
id 18 2 exp
cyl
p T