B2.2.4 Hydropower System Design Turbines: Greek Mill (C. 100BC)

B2.2.
4 Hydropower system design

Turbines: Greek mill (c. 100BC)
1
B2.2.4 Hydropower system design
Turbines:Mesopotamian Saquia
(c. 1200 AD)
the Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices of al-Jahazi 2

Turbines: Water wheels (c. 1800)
1-50kW
3
Turbines: Fourneyron’s turbine (1832)
4
B2. Hydropower
Seminars A206a
• Read summary of case studies

– Nepal
– Peru
• Discussion
– What were the good and bad projects
– What makes a “good project”
– What were the social benefits of the projects?
Were these valued?
– Who benefits and who loses
5
B2. Reservoirs
Seminar groups
Group 1 (14:00) Group 2 (14:30)
Gunjan Dhingra Dafydd Caffery Rob Morford Roger Palmer

Mike Farrow Samuel Carter Chris Swinburn Anthony Pearson
Hannah Jones Nedim Dzananovic Kate Taylor Gareth Pilmoor
Matt Knight Philip Hallgarth Celia Way Ann Ruthven
Paul Knowles Neil Harding Marie Wells Matthew Scott
Peter Adams Martin Hill Matt Whitley Ben Sheterline
Elizabeth Aldridge Karen Hockey Eral Kahveci Melanie Sim
Jonathan Bailey Ching Hong Imra Karimn Nicholas Thompson
Khesraw Bashir Adam Ithier Martin Kendrick Daniel Tkotsch
Christopher Baxter Peter Jordan Shua Lii Christopher Tompkins
Richard Buckland Jan Jozefowski Beth Mcdowall Ian Yeung
Adil Munir
6
Turbines: Power conversion
P  Q gh P  T
7
Turbines: Power conversion
T  Fr
F  M
 mv
  Qv
8
Turbines: Power conversion:Velocity
triangles
u1
R1 1
v1
vr1
1
Rotation
v2
2 R2
1
vr2 u2
9
Turbines:
• Impulse
– Pelton wheel
– Turgo
– Crossflow
• Reaction
– Radial (e.g. Francis)
– Axial (e.g. propeller, bulb, Kaplan)
10
Turbines: Pelton wheel (1889)
11
Turbines: Pelton wheel
12
13
14
 R2 = R 1
v2
vr2
u2 = u1
v1 (jet velocity)= vr1
Rotation
R1 u1
15
16
Turbines: Pelton wheel:Jet
v jet  C j 2 gh  v penstock
0.94-0.98
17
18
Turbines: Pelton wheel: Multi jet
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Turbines: Pelton wheel: Multi jet
• Higher rotational speed

• Smaller runner
• Simple flow control possible
• Redundancy
• Can cope with a large range of flows
But
• Needs complex manifold
• May make control/governing complex
20
B2.1.4 Fundamentals of Hydro power
Yields and economics: Flow-duration
curve
10
Discharge (m3 /s)
1
17,000 kWh/mhead
8,500 kWh/mhead
4,000 kWh/mhead
0.1
10
30
50
70
90
95
98
99
1
2
99.95
99.98
99.99
0.01
0.02
0.05
99.8
99.9
0.1
0.2
0.5
Percentage of discharge exceeding

21
Turbines: Pelton wheel: Sri Lankan
22
Turbines: Turgo (1904)
23
Turbines: Turgo
24
Turbines: Turgo
25
Turbines: Turgo
26
Turbines: Turgo
u1
1=20
R1
v1 (jet velocity)
1 vr1
Rotation
2 v2
R2 = R 1
vr2 u2 = u1
27
Turbines: Turgo: MPPU – based on Nepali
Ghatta
28
Turbines: Crossflow (1941)
29
Turbines: Crossflow
30
Turbines: Crossflow: Panama
31
Turbines: Crossflow
32
Turbines: Francis (1849)
33
Turbines: Francis
34
Turbines: Francis
35
Turbines: Francis
36
Turbines: Francis
37
Turbines: Francis
u1
R1 1
v1
vr1
1
Rotation
v2
2 R2 = R 1
1
vr2 u2
38
Turbines: Propeller
39
Turbines: Propeller
40
Turbines: Propeller
v1 R1
u1
Rotation
R2 = R 1
v2
vr2u2= u1
41
Turbines: Kaplan (1913)
42
Turbines: Kaplan
43
Turbines: siting propellers
44
Turbines: Water current (1980)
45
Turbines: Water current
46
Turbines: Characterising turbines
47
48
49
Turbines: Characterising turbines:
Dimensionless groups
Q Fluid velocity
CQ   CQ = flow coefficient
ND3 Blade velocity
CH = head coefficient
CP = power coefficient
Q = discharge
gH N = rotational speed
CH  2 2
N D D = diameter
g = gravity
H = head
P = power
P
CP   = density
 N 3 D5
50
Turbines: Characterising turbines:
Dimensionless groups:Specific speed
C1P 2
N sp  5 4
CH Nsp = Specific speed
CH = head coefficient
NP1 2
 CP = power coefficient
 12
 gH 
54
N = rotational speed
P = power
 = density
g = gravity
12 H = head
NP
N sp 
H5 4
51
Turbines: Characterising turbines: Specific
speed: Dimensional specific speed
Type Typical Rad Rev Metric British
head
Pelton >300 <0.2 <0.03 <30 <10
Francis 500-30 0.25-1.3 0.04-0.2 50-250 10-60
Kaplan 50-4 2-6 0.3-1 360- 100-300

1200
52
53
54
Turbines: Cavitation
55
56
57
Turbines: L-1 propeller turbine designed
for minimal cavitation
58
Turbines: L-1 propeller turbine designed
for minimal cavitation after 25,000 hours
59
Turbines: Cavitation: Thoma number
s = Thoma number
pa = atmospheric pressure
pv = vapour pressure
p A pv
  hs hs = elevation above tailwater
g g
s H = total head
H  = density
g = gravity
60
Turbines: Cavitation: Critical Thoma
number
61

B2.2.4 Hydropower System Design Turbines: Greek Mill (C. 100BC)

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B2.2.4 Hydropower System Design Turbines: Greek Mill (C. 100BC)

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B2.2.

4 Hydropower system design

the Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices of al-Jahazi 2

• Read summary of case studies

Group 1 (14:00) Group 2 (14:30)

Gunjan Dhingra Dafydd Caffery Rob Morford Roger Palmer

• Higher rotational speed

Percentage of discharge exceeding

Pelton >300 <0.2 <0.03 <30 <10

Francis 500-30 0.25-1.3 0.04-0.2 50-250 10-60

Kaplan 50-4 2-6 0.3-1 360- 100-300

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