Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Exterior Walls-Framing & Structural Components
Exterior Walls-Framing & Structural Components
Structural Components
Framing/Construction Techniques
General Terms & Methodology
Platform Framing
Balloon Framing
Energy-Efficient Framing
Post & Beam(Timber)
Steel Framing
Concrete Masonry Construction
Floor Framing Terms
Wall Framing Terms
Exterior Finishes
General Exterior Wall Construction
Walls support vertical loads from
– roof
– ceiling
– floors
Must also resist later forces due to
– wind
– earthquakes
Typical Wall Construction
One and two story framing
– Generally walls are 2” x 4” @ 16” O.C.
– Occasionally 2” x 6” @ 16”, 19.2” and 24”
O.C. associated with cold climates
Three story framing(load bearing walls)
– lower floor = 2” x 6” @ 16” O.C.
– other floors = 2” x 4” @ 16” O.C.
Platform Rafter
Ceiling Joist
1. Also called
Western Blocking
Framing Dbl Plate
Floor Joist
2. Most
common Sway Bracing “Platform Framing”
today (corner bracing) Girder
3. Platform Ledger
provide Floor Joist
area to Sill
build walls Foundation
Sheathing
Balloon
Framing
1. Studs extend
from sill to
roof line
2. Also called
Eastern Framing
3. Terms similar to Balloon Framing
Platform
Framing.
4. Additional Terms:
Ribbon
Firestop Two story length studs
Balloon Framing
Terms
Ribbon
Firestop
Balloon Framing
Used primarily for 2 story construction
Less chance of shrinkage or movement
– recommended for masonry veneer & stucco
2nd floor supported by wall with
– let-in 1x4 called a ribbon
Less overall material
Longer members usually more costly
Firestop blocking and ribbons required
Framing Construction at Corners
3 full studs
–good with
super insulated
buildings
3 full studs
and blocking
3 full studs
and 1/2” shim Two studs and dry wall clips (see
class sample)
Energy-Efficient Framing
Advanced framing techniques (AFT)
Altering traditional framing methods
– see text for examples
Eliminatenonstructural wood with insulation
(Wood = R1/inch, Insulation = R3.5 to R8.3/inch)
– insulation at corners, insulation at exterior wall behind
partition intersections, and insulated headers
Stud spacing (24” OC)
One level height limitation set by code
Structural insulated panels (SIP)
Post & beam
T&G planks
Beam(Timber) 2x6 or 2x8
1. Relatively new
and less common
in residential
construction
2. Larger members
placed further
apart post
3. Used in heavy
timber
construction for
years Beam and Post
typically 8’ OC
Post &Beam Construction
Provides
vaulted (sloped) ceilings and a
more open feeling in the space
T
Post and Beam Framing using
Tongue & Groove Planking
Usedfor Roof or Floor when structure is space
24” or more O.C.
Steel Framing
Alternate method of
framing
– lower energy cost
– higher strength
– better insurance rates
and considerations
Similarto platform
framing in construction
– steel studs
– base/plates
– steel trusses
Concrete Masonry Construction
Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)
– durable, economical material, excellent structural values,
poor insulation values
Classifications
– hollow
– load bearing (ASTM C 90)
– solid load-bearing
– nonload-bearing (solid or hollow)
Solid Masonry = 75% solid material in cross-section
– positions: solider, rowlock, sailor, stretcher, header shiner
Concrete Masonry Shapes
Solid Masonry (Brick) Positions
Structural Components
Floor Systems
– conventional framing (Stick Built)
– terminology
Floor Bracing
– Mid span
– End bracing
Framed Wall Construction
– bearing walls
– nonbearing walls
– exterior finishes
Conventional Floor Framing
Conventional (Stick) framing basic
terms
– mud sill
– sole plate(sill)
– floor joist
– rim joist
– anchor bolt
Floor Joist
– Solid
– TJI
– Open web
Floor Bracing
End Bracing
– Rim Joist
– Blocking
Floor Bracing
Bracing at
midspan
– solid blocking
– cross blocking
» wood
» metal
Framed Wall Construction
Definition:
Bearing walls
Definition:
Nonbearing
walls
Double Plate
Window/Door Cripple Stud
Framing Terms or Jack Stud
Header Header
– supports structure
above windows
Header Jack (trimmer)
– supports header Header Jack
Cripple Studs (jack stud) or Trimmer
Double Plate
Rough Sill(sub sill)
King stud
– additional stud to trim out
window
Framed Wall Construction
Shear Wall Design
Resistance to lateral
forces resulting from
earthquakes or wind
Connections:
– 1 sheathing to joist
– 2 joist to top wall
– 3 edge nailing
– 4 tie-down straps
– 5 anchor/shear bolts
Exterior Finishes
Wood Siding
Cement Board Siding
Steel Siding
Vinyl Siding
Stucco
Exterior Insulation Finish System (EIFS)
Wood Siding
Various sizes and
Shapes
– Solid wood
– T1-11(plywood)
» 4’x8’ sheets
– Masonnite
Lapboard
» 8-12” x 16’
Cement Board Siding
Has texture and
look of wood
siding but is
more weather
resistant.
Steel & Vinyl Siding
Higher in Cost and Lower in Maintenance
– no painting
A varietyof wood textures and patterns
Longer lasting than wood but some Concerns:
– expansion
– denting
– cracking
– rusting
Cement Stucco
sheathing vs. open frame
Least expensive
building paper
wire fabric lath
furring nails
drip screed
3 coats of plaster
finish
brown
scratch
Exterior Insulated Finish System (EIFS)
Roof Construction
Basic terms:
– slope/pitch--incline of roof
– roof member terms--structure of roof
– eave/cornice--detail showing wall to roof const
– fascia--visible member attached to end of rafters
– ridge--top of roof
– sheathing--material covering the top of rafters
– rafter/ceiling joist--structure framing of roof
– soffit--underneath side of roof overhang
– vents--in soffit, allows air circulation in attic
Eave and Cornice Detail Terms
Slope vs. Pitch
Text book error (noted as pitch symbol)
Slope = Rise/Run
Slope symbol
– expressed as a ratio
– always a base of 12
– placed on dwg. 12
4
•Pitch = Rise/Span
• expressed as fraction
• reduce to smallest
fraction
• not placed on drawing,
helpful to carpenter
Roof Member Terminology
VALLEY JACK RAFTER
Metal Framing Connectors
•Keeps structural members from separating