Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tests
Out line
Therefore;
Serology - is the science of measuring
antibody or antigen in body fluids.
viral,
fungal, and
parasitic diseases.
Transmitted by:
Mainly Sexual contact (Venereal syphilis)
Less commonly via the placenta (congenital
syphilis) OR
By accidental inoculation from infectious
material
e.g. fresh blood transfusion
Morphology
T. pallidum is seen
microscopically as a closed
coiled, thin, delicate
regular spiral organism
varying in length from 6 to
15m and consisting of 8 to
24 coils.
The only known natural host
for T. pallidum is the
human.
Serologic tests for syphilis
Dropper tubes
Negative result:
Positive result:
Circle 1 2 3 4 5
Circle 6 7 8 9 10
Dilution 1/32 1/64 1/128 1/256 1/512
Reporting system
Serologic diagnosis
3.3.2 Rickettisia
Serologic diagnosis
Salmonella
Enterocolitis (enteritis)
+ Gram –Ve
+ S. paratyphi A (Serogroup A)
+ S. paratyphi B (serogroup B)
+ S. typhi (serogroup D)
Antigenic variation
Salmonella has
- O-antigen………somatic antigen
Serological method
Widal Test
+ Tube method
+ Slide method
Procedures
Slide method
Modification of tube test method by Welch and
Mickle at 1936
Specimen: serum/plasma
Sample: serum/plasma
Procedure
1. For each antigen arrange 10 small test tubes in
a rack.
2. Place 0.9ml of saline in the 1st tube and 0.5ml
in the remaining 9 tubes.
3. Add 0.1ml of fresh cell-free serum to the 1st
tube.
4. Mix and transfer 0.5ml to tube
2,3,4,5,6,7,8,and tube 9. From tube 9 discard
0.5ml.
+ Tube 10 will contain only saline and will
serve as a negative control (antigen
control)
5. Mix antigens well and add 0.5ml to each tube.
Mix by gently shaking the tubes.
6. The final dilutions are 1:20, 1:40, 1:80,
1:160, etc.
7. Incubate the tubes at 37oC for 2-4 hrs
8. Read the negative control at the end of the
incubation period.
+ It should have no agglutination.
9. Read the test one row of antigen at a time. For
reading a white light shining vertically above
the tube is best and using a black background.
10. Shake the tubes gently.
The H type of agglutination is easily broken
up and may be missed. The agglutination is
more granular and not so fragile.
11. Report the highest dilution with definite clumps.
Tube dilution
0.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.5
0.9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
initial
Tube 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dilution 1:10 1:20 1:40 1:80 1:160 1:320 1:640 1:1280 1:2560 1:5120
Dilution
factor 10 20 40 80 160 320 640 1280 2560 5120
Reporting of Widal Reactions
Introduction
Principle
Positive result
If no hCG is present in the urine, there will be no
agglutination of the latex particles.
Urine latex reagent Result
(hCG antibody No agglutination
Coated particles)
Positive result
In the direct slide test, therefore,
+ detect antibody
+ identify antigen
phenotyping).
HIV Antibody Tests
Based on a multi test algorithm for detecting
antibodies to HIV by using screening and
confirmatory tests.
Testing Algorithm Describes the
Sequence of Tests to be Performed
Test 1 (KHB)
Non-reactive Reactive
Test 3 (Unigold)
123
Control Line
Sample port
Test line
78
Specimen collection
Add 40 l of whole
123
Add 1 drop
of running
buffer
123
Test interpretation (within 30 minutes)
Reactive Result Non reactive Result
123 123
Invalid result
123
The whole procedure (30’)
STAT PACK
83
STAT PAK : Getting Ready
84
STAT PAK: Collecting
Specimen
85
STAT PAK: Adding Specimen
and Reagent to Test Device
86
STAT PAK: Getting Results
(10 minute)
87
STAT PAK: Test interpretation
Reactive Non-reactive Invalid
Uni-Gold
89
Uni-Gold: Getting Ready
90
Uni-Gold: Collecting
Specimen
91
Uni-Gold: Adding Specimen
and Reagent to Test Device
6. Wait for 10
7. Read and record
minutes (no longer
the results and
than 20 min.)
other pertinent info
before reading the
on the worksheet
results
93
Uni-Gold: Test Interpretation
94
National Algorithm: Ethiopia
Blood Sample
Test 1 (KHB)
Non-reactive Reactive
Test 3 (Unigold)
95
Possible Outcomes in a serial
Algorithm
96
Exercise: Identifying appropriate
Testing Algorithm
KHB Stat Pak Unigold Put your
remarks
RDH-001 R NR NR
RDH-002 NR NR NR
RDH-003 R R R
RDH-004 R NR R
Remarks on the excercise