ADHESIVE

&
SEALANTS
What is an ADHESIVE?
Adhesive may be used interchangeably with glue, cement, mucilage, or paste, and is any substance applied
to one surface, or both surfaces, of two separate items that binds them together and resists their
separation.
The use of adhesives offers many advantages over binding techniques such as sewing, mechanical
fastening, thermal bonding, etc. These include the ability to bind different materials together, to distribute
stress more efficiently across the joint, the cost effectiveness of an easily mechanized process, an
improvement in aesthetic design, and increased design flexibility.
Disadvantages of adhesive use include decreased stability at high temperatures, relative weakness in
bonding large objects with a small bonding surface area, and greater difficulty in separating objects during
testing.
reactive and non-reactive adhesives, which refers to whether the adhesive chemically reacts in order to
harden. Alternatively they can be organized by whether the raw stock is of natural or synthetic origin, or by
their starting physical phase.
HOW TO APPLY ADHESIVE?
There are two ways construction adhesive is applied.

Construction adhesives is applied either in beads or full coverage. Beads are lines of adhesive that are applied to a surface with the use of a caulking gun. This is the most
economical use of construction adhesive and typically used for the gluing of large, flat materials to large flat surfaces. Some common uses for the bead method are in the
installation of plastic tub surrounds over drywall or ceramic tile, wood paneling to any smooth wall, and attaching drywall to studs.

Full coverage is used where the material to be glued is small, such as floor tiles or ceramic tile, or where an absolutely solid surface is required, which includes virtually all
flooring applications with the exception of carpet over padding and some types of vinyl flooring.

All full coverage adhesive jobs require the use of a notched trowel to apply the adhesive. You may be tempted to just slather the adhesive on with a putty knife... and
you might get away with this for a small repair. But there are five sensible reasons for doing it right, though the product labels won't tell you why...

Saves adhesive... using a notched trowel can save you up to 50% on the adhesive used over a flat trowel or wide putty knife!

Consistent thickness of adhesive... Remember that most construction adhesives tend to stay flexible. Applying too thick an application can cause a soft spot in the floor,
producing movement in the material. This may not be as critical with interlocking wood parquet flooring but it can be a disaster with ceramic tile!

Shortens drying time... those little grooves flatten when the material is pressed into the adhesive giving a thinner glue film. Thinner coats mean less drying time. An overly
thick adhesive coat can take weeks to dry properly.

Better adhesion... the "peaks" produced by troweling increase the chance that the material will grip firmly to the adhesive.

Less shrinkage... as the adhesive dries, it will shrink. This is not an issue with a thin coat. But if a thick layer is applied, the material you are gluing may noticeably move or
settle! This is why you should never build up a depression in a floor or wall with adhesive alone... use a floor leveler or wallboard compound to flatten the
surface before your gluing effort!
VARIOUS IMAGES FOR APPLYING ADHESIVE
What Is a sealant ?
Sealant is a substance used to block the passage of fluids through the surface or joints or
openings in materials, a type of mechanical seal. In building construction sealant is also termed
as caulking( the processes and material) and also serve the purposes of blocking dust, sound and
heat transmission. Sealants may be weak or strong, flexible or rigid, permanent or temporary.
Sealants are not adhesives but some have adhesive qualities and are called adhesive-
sealants or structural sealants.
CHARACTERSTICS OF SEALANT
- Typically made of synthetic elastomeric materials.

- May be single-component (no mixing required), or

multicomponent (mixing required).

- Good adhesion

- Good cohesion

- Good elasticity

- Good weathering characteristics

- Common types of sealants include silicone, polyurethane,

polysulfide, acrylic, latex and butyl-based.
TYPES
• Polysulfide sealants
• Silicone sealants
• Butyl sealants
• Acrylic sealants
• Polyurethane sealants
• Latex sealants
 PROBLEMS
NATURAL OR INHERENT PROBLEMS VANDALISM OR HUMAN-INDUCED PROBLEMS
- Staining: Common with silicone sealants; visible as - Loss of Adhesion
dirt on the sealant, or staining on the adjacent
masonry where the sealant's plasticizer has migrated - Inappropriate Choice of Sealant and Improper Joint
into the substrate. Design

- Weathering: Deterioration of sealants can be - Uncured Sealant

caused by prolonged exposure to water, ultraviolet
light, and freeze-thaw cycles; evidence of weathering - Bubbling and Blistering of the Surface: Common in
appears in the form Of chalking, discoloration, single
cracking, or softening.

- Cohesive failure: this means deterioration of the

internal
integrity of the sealant; cracking parallel to the
interface
of the joint is an indication of this type of failure
 SEALANTS IN Aluminum JOINERY
Provide a means of fixing
Provide a barrier against moisture and air penetration
Conceal untidy gaps
Can increase appearance (aesthetics)
SEALANT SEALANT DEVICES
Cover strips or plates
Butyl tape
Strip or sheet membrane
Silicones
Sheet joining beads
Waterproof paint
Flashings around windows and doors
Putty
Sealant in aluminum frame glass window
Sealant in an aluminum double glass
window
Proper way for applying sealant
Comparison with adhesives
The main difference between adhesives and sealants is that sealants typically have lower
strength and higher elongation than adhesives do. When sealants are used between substrates
having different thermal coefficients of expansion or differing elongation under stress, they
need to have adequate flexibility and elongation. Sealants generally contain inert filler material
and are usually formulated with an elastomer to give the required flexibility and elongation.
They usually have a paste consistency to allow filling of gaps between substrates. Low shrinkage
after application is often required. Many adhesive technologies can be formulated into sealants.
Natural Adhesives
Natural adhesives are made from organic sources such as vegetable starch (dextrin), natural
resins, or animals (e.g. the milk protein casein and hide-based animal glues).

Bioadhesives.

They are used with wood and paper products, particularly in corrugated board, envelopes,
bottle labels, book bindings, cartons, furniture, and laminated film and foils.
ANIMAL GLUE
Generally they are all proteins which are derived from the hydrolysis of collagen.
Animal glue traditionally has been used in wood joining, book bindery, sandpaper manufacture,
heavy gummed tapes, and similar applications.
Animal glues from bones and hides are used in gummed tape, textiles and the paper industry such
as book-binding and case making.
Fish glues manufactured from skins have been used in rubber gasket to steel bonding,paper to steel
etc.

Beeswax Liquid Animal Glue

CASEIN GLUE
This product is made by dissolving casein, a protein obtained from milk, in an
aqueous alkaline solvent.

In wood bonding, casein glues generally are superior to true animal glues in
moisture resistance and aging characteristics.

Casein also is used to improve the adhering characteristics of paints and coatings.

Caesin Glue
STARCH AND DEXTRIN
These materials are derived from cereals or roots such as corn, wheat, tapioca,
sogo, etc. The basic constituent is polysaccharide which on hydrolysis yields long
chain glucose units.
The main use for these adhesives is the paper industry where they are used in
multiwall bags,corrugated paper etc. Dextrin which is dry roasted starch is used
in remoistenable adhesives.
NATURAL RUBBER
Rubber is derived as a latex from the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). The raw
latex is collected and concentrated and either sold as a latex or coagulated and
sold as solid for solvent dissolution.
Adhesives made from natural rubber, which is essentially polyisoprene,are very
tacky and are used in pressure sensitive applications or where long bond times
and tack are required such as tapes, ceramic tile adhesives, flooring adhesives
etc.
ASPHALT AND BITUMEN
These high fractions of crude oil are more used as sealers rather than adhesives
except in the bonding of coarse grade papers to produce waterproof building
papers.
EPOXY ADHESIVES
Because of their ability to adhere to a wide variety of materials, their high strength, their
resistance to chemicals and environments, and their ability to resist creep under sustained load,
epoxies are the most widely used structural adhesive.
Epoxies cure to hard, brittle solids. Most adhesive formulations include modifiers to increase
flexibility or toughness of the cured adhesive. This results in bond lines that are able to resist
more peel and cleavage stress as well as impact.