Module 5 Lighting Calculations

Module 5
Lighting Calculations
Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Contents
Determining Average Illuminance
Average Illuminance Equation
The Lumen Method
Determining the Illuminance at a
Point-Direct Component (Point-by-
Point Method)
Computer-Aided Lighting
Calculations

Determining Average Illuminance
The standard lumen method formula is also used to calculate
average illuminance levels when the Coefficient of Utilization
(CU’s) are taken from a utilization curve.

Average Illuminance Equation
General equation for illuminance in space
Φ(TOTAL) x CU x LLF
Ewp
Awp
Ewp = average maintained illuminance on the work plane

Φ(TOTAL) = total system lamp lumen output
CU = coefficient of utilization
LLF = light loss factor
Awp = area of the work plane

The Lumen Method
Means of determining the average workplane
illuminance within a space with a given number
of luminaires
Components
Total system lamp lumen output
Coefficient of utilization
Loss factor determination
Calculated illuminance
Spacing criteria

Total System Lamp Output
Lamp lumen output is the total initial luminous flux that the
lamps emit as specified by the manufacturer.
Example 1:
In an office space 3m x 4.6m with a 2.6m ceiling height, there are 2
recessed fluorescent luminaires. Each luminaire has three (3) 32W
48” T8 fluorescent lamps. Manufacturer’s data shows that the
initial lumen output of the lamp is 2900 lumens. What is the total
lamp lumen output Φ(TOTAL)?
Φ(TOTAL) = 2 luminaires x 3 lamps/luminaire x 2900 lumens/lamp

= 17,400 lumens

Coefficient of Utilization (CU)
Factors influencing coefficient of utilization:
The efficiency of the luminaire

The luminaire distribution
The geometry of the space
The reflectances of the room surface
Each luminaire has its own CU table specific to that

luminaire’s light distribution and efficiency. CU values are
listed in tables for different room geometries and room
surface reflectances.

Coefficients of Utilization (CU)
Coefficient of utilization is based on room cavity ratio
(RCR)
RCR is five (5) times the ratio of total vertical surface
area to total horizontal surface area within the room
cavity, and therefore indicates the relative space
proportions.
Where, hRC = Room cavity height

L = Length of the room
W = Width of the room

Cavity ratios :
Ceiling cavity ratio – is the space between the ceiling and
luminaire plane computed using the equation below in
relation to room cavity ratio:
Floor cavity ratio – is the space between the workplane and

the floor computed using the equation below in relation to
room cavity ratio:

Cross section of a room showing room cavities.

For a given room, the cavity ratios are in direct proportion to
their respective cavity heights. For the case where the
luminaires are mounted on the surface of the ceiling or are
recessed into the ceiling, the ceiling cavity ratio is zero.
Since the coefficient of utilization is based on the room cavity

ratio, it is necessary to treat this cavity as if there were a ceiling
surface at the luminaire plane and a floor surface at the
workplane level.
It is necessary to convert the actual ceiling reflectance into an

effective ceiling cavity reflectance (pCC) and the actual floor
reflectance must be converted to an effective floor cavity
reflectance (pFC).

CU Determination
Using Example 1 above, the following steps should be followed
in calculating the coefficient of utilization.
Step 1. Determine the room cavity ratio using the equation below
Room cavity height (hRC) = Luminaire height – Workplane height

Assuming a workplane height of 0.76m (typical desk height)
hRC = 2. 59 m – 0.76m
= 1.83m

CU Determination
In this example, the luminaires are recessed in the ceiling so
the luminaire height is the as the ceiling height. Computing the
room cavity ratio, we have:
RCR = 5 x Room cavity height (Length + Width)

Length x Width
RCR = 5 x 1.83m (3.05m + 4.57m)
3.05m x 4.57m
RCR = 5

CU Determination
Step 2. Since the Lumen Method considers what occurs only
within the room cavity, the ceiling and floor cavities are replaced
with their effective reflectances.
To find the effective reflectance of a floor or ceiling cavity, find
the floor cavity ratio and ceiling cavity ratio using the equations
below

CU Determination
Step 3. Find the effective cavity reflectances using cavity surface
reflectances. The surface that is opposite the opening to the
cavity is called the base cavity. The base reflectance, the wall
reflectances, and the cavity ratio determine the effective cavity
reflectance. Using the IESNA Lighting Handbook, look for the
cavity reflectances and cavity ratios.
For the ceiling cavity, the base reflectance is the actual ceiling
surface reflectance while the floor cavity, the base reflectance is
the actual floor surface reflectance.

CU Determination

CU Determination
Step 4. Once all room cavity reflectances and the
room cavity ratio are known, the CU value can be
determined by selecting the appropriate value from
the luminaire’s CU table.
Continuing with Example 1, the following
assumptions are made after consulting the IES
Lighting Handbook Table on Effective Reflectances:
Effective Ceiling Cavity Reflectance, CC = 0.70
Wall Reflectance, W = 0.50
Effective Floor Cavity Reflectance, FC = 0.20
RCR = 5 (calculated in Step 1)

CU Determination
CU = 0.50, which means that 50% of the lumens given off by
the lamps reach the workplane and the other 50% are
absorbed by the luminaire or the room surfaces and never
reach the workplane.

Coefficients of Utilization for Some Luminaire

Light Loss Factor
Two types of Light Loss Factor (LLF)
Recoverable
Non-recoverable
Total Light Loss Factor (LLF) is the product
of the individual light loss factors,
recoverable and non-recoverable

Light Loss Factor
Recoverable LLF
Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD)
Lamp Burnout Factor (LBO)
Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factor (LDD)
Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Factor (RSDD)
Area of workplane (AWP)

Lamp Lumen Depreciation
The lamp lumen depreciation factor is the
fraction of initial lumens at a specific time during
the life of the lamp
Lamp lumen depreciation comes from aging and
dirt accumulation on lamps, reflectors, lenses
and room surfaces.
Most lighting designs base calculations on
“maintained” as opposed to “initial” lamp
lumens

Lamp Burnout Factor
If lamps are not replaced immediately after
burnout, a lamp burnout factor should be
applied to any analysis of the system.
Unreplaced burned-out lamps will vary in
quantity, depending on the kind of lamps and
the relamping program used.
This factor is simply the ratio of the number of
lamps that would be burning o the total number
of lamps in the system.

Room Surface Dirt Depreciation
Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Factor (RSDD)
is influenced by:
The amount of dirt in the environment
The room cavity ratio (proportions of the room)
Type of lighting equipment used

Room Surface Dirt Depreciation

Luminaire Dirt Depreciation
Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factor (LDD)
depends on three (3) aspects of the situation:
The amount and type of dirt in the environment (a
clean office environment compared to a dirty
manufacturing facility)
The type of luminaire used
The expected cleaning cycle for the equipment

Luminaire Dirt Depreciation

Area of Workplane
Is the area of the entire workplane, which is
typically the same as the floor area
Illuminance will be greatest near the center
of the room and slightly less toward the walls
for a given uniform layout of luminaires

Light Loss Factor
Non-Recoverable LLF
Luminaire Ambient Temperature Factor
Heat Extraction Thermal Factor
Voltage to Luminaire Factor
Ballast Factor
Ballast Lamp Photometer Factor
Equipment operating Factor
Lamp Position (Tilt) Factor
Luminaire Surface Depreciation Factor

Luminaire Ambient Temperature
Variations in temperature, above those normally
encountered in interiors, have little effect on the
output of incandescent and high intensity
discharge (HID) lamps, but can have a
significant effect on light output of fluorescent
lamps

Heat Extraction Thermal Factor
Heat extraction factor is the fractional lumen
loss or gain due to airflow
Airflow has an effect on lamp temperature and
lamp lumens especially those air handling
fluorescent luminaires which are integrated with
the HVAC system as a means of introducing or
removing air from the room

Voltage to Luminaire Factor
High or low voltage at the luminaire will affect
the lumen output of lamps
High voltage condition will increase the lumen
output of lamps over their rated output
Low voltage condition will reduce the lumen
output
The rate of change of lumen output with a
voltage change varies with each light source,
but has the greatest effect on incandescent
lamps

Ballast Factor
Ballast used for a specific application is usually
different from the ballast used to determine the
rated lumen output for a lamp
Ballast factor corrects this difference to maintain
the arc within the lamp
Ballast factor is the ratio of the lamp lumens
generated on commercial ballasts to those
generated on the test quality ballasts . The
ballast factor for good quality fluorescent ballast
is nominally is 0.95while electronic ballasts can
have ballast factors ranging from 0.70 to 1.28

Ballast Lamp Photometer Factor
Ballast Lamp Photometer Factor adjusts the

lumen output when a different lamp ballast
combination is used other than the
manufacturer’s set-up
Temperature effects within the luminaire may
cause the lamp to operate at less than the rated
output and should be considered in the
determination of the luminaire’s coefficient of
utilization

Equipment Operating Factor
Effects on the lumen output of lamps caused by
the ballast, the lamp operating position and the
effect of power reflected from the luminaire back
onto the lamp are collectively incorporated into
the equipment operating factor

Lamp Position Factor
Lumen output is sensitive to the lamp
orientation especially for high intensity
discharge (HID) lamps when they are tilted from
their rated horizontal or vertical position
Lamp position factor adjusts the lumen output
and is defined as the ratio of luminous flux in the
given operating position to that in the test
position

Luminaire Surface Depreciation
Luminaire surface depreciation results from
adverse changes in metal, paint and plastic
components that result in permanently reduced
light output
Luminaire surface depreciation factor adjusts
light output to original reflectance

Loss Factor Determination
Example 2. LLF Determination
Detailed description of the determination of the light loss factors
can be found in the IESNA Lighting Handbook. The product of the
recoverable factors and the non-recoverable factors will give us
the total light loss factor.
Recoverable Factors
Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LDD) 0.90
Lamp Burnout Factor (LBO) 1.00
Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factor (LDD) 0.94
Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Factor (RSDD) 0.96

Loss Factor Determination
Nonrecoverable Factors
Ballast Factor 0.93
Other Non Recoverable Factors 1.00
LLFTOTAL = Recoverable Factors x Nonrecoverable Factors

LLFTOTAL = 0.90 x 1.00 x 0.94 x 0.96 x 0.93 x 1.00
LLFTOTAL = 0.75
Total Light Loss Factor (LLF) is 0.75, which means that 25% (100%-
75%) of the luminous flux that might otherwise reach the workplane
is lost due to ballast factor, dirty luminaires, room surfaces, and
aged lamps.

Calculated Illuminance
At this point it is possible to calculate the illuminance on the workplane:
Φ(TOTAL) x CU x LLF
Ewp
Awp
Ewp = average maintained illuminance on the work
plane
Φ(TOTAL) = total system lamp lumen output
CU = coefficient of utilization
LLF = light loss factor
Awp = area of the work plane

Substituting all the computed values in Example 1and using the
equation for average illuminance on the workplane, we have:
EWP = 17,400 lm x 0.50 x 0.75
3.05m x 4.57m
= 468 lm/m2 or 486 lux (Maintained)
The average initial illuminance on the workplane can be
determined by substituting only the non-recoverable light loss
factors for the total light loss factor.
EWP = 17,400 lm x 0.50 x 0.0.93
3.05m x 4.57m
= 581 lm/m2 or 581 lux (Initial)

An average maintained illuminance of 468 lumens
per square meter will strike the area covered by the
workplane in a completely empty space
Some points on the workplane will have an
illuminance higher than 468 while others will have an
illuminance lower than this value
During first time that this system will be turned on,
wherein the lamps are new and the surfaces are
clean, the average initial illuminance will be greater
than the maintained value, which is computed as 582
lumens per square meter (lux)

By rearranging the Lumen Method equation, it is
possible to find the number of luminaires required to
meet a specific average illuminance level:
(lumens/lamp) x (lamps/luminaire) x (no. of luminaires)

x CU x LLFTOTAL
EWP =
AWP
AWP x EWP
No. of =
luminaires (lumens/lamp) x (lamps/luminaires)
x CU x LLFTOTAL

Example 2. Find the number of luminaires needed in a room given
the following:
Room dimensions: 9.15m by 9.15m by 3.5m
Target Illuminance: 300 lux average maintained
Working Plane Height: 0.76m
Luminaire: Recessed round
Lamp: 70 watt metal halide, 5600 lumen initial output
Reflectances (): Ceiling cavity 0.70
Walls 0.30
Floor Cavity 0.20
Assume LLFTOTAL = 0.75

Step 1. Calculate RCR
Using the equation for RCR, we get 3 as the answer.
Step 2. Determine Cavity ratios for ceiling and floor
Step 3. Obtain Effective Ceiling Cavity Reflectance (CC) using Tables in

CU determination for metal halide lamps
Step 4. Obtain Effective Floor Cavity Reflectance (FC) using Tables in

CU determination for metal halide lamps
Step 5. Obtain Coefficient of Utilization (CU) from Manufacturer’s Data
The CU based on calculated value of RCR and the given reflectances, we

get 0.55 as the answer.

Using the equation below, and substituting all the known values:
Number of luminaires = AWP x EWP

lumens/lamp x lamps/luminaires x CU x LLFTOTAL
Number of luminaires = 9.15m by 9.15m by 3.5m x 300 lux
5600 lumen x 1 x 0.55 x 0.75

Number of luminaires = 10.9
In this example, 12 fixtures can be spaced uniformly in a 3 by 4 pattern.
Although 12 is more than the calculated value of 10.9 fixtures, results
within a 10% margin is generally acceptable for meeting this target
criterion

Spacing Criteria
Spacing Criteria is the maximum ratio of spacing
to mounting height of the luminaire above the
workplane that provides reasonable uniformity of
illumination within the space
Spacing ratios for specific luminaires are given in
the data sheets published by each manufacturer.
This number, usually between 0.5 to 1.5, when
multiplied with the mounting height, gives the
maximum distance that the luminaires maybe
separated and provide uniform illuminance on the
workplane

Spacing Criteria
For luminaires using essentially point sources of light, such as
incandescent or HID lamps, the number of luminaires per row
should be in proportion to the width-to-length ratio of the room

Spacing Criteria
For fluorescent luminaires, it is necessary to first establish the
maximum number that can be installed in one row. the maximum
number is calculated by subtracting at least 0.3 meter from the room
length and then dividing by the length of the luminaire.

Spacing Criteria
The exact spacing between rows is calculated by dividing the
room width by the number of rows
Spacing between luminaires in each row is calculated by
dividing the room length by the number of luminaires per row.
spacing between the outer luminaires and the adjacent wall is
one-half of the luminaire spacing
If desks or other work areas are to be located alongside the
walls, then the wall-to-luminaires spacing should be reduced to
one-third of the luminaire spacing

Spacing Criteria

Illuminance at a Point-Direct Component
Examples:
What is the illuminance on a wall display from a
spotlight aimed at the display?
How much light is striking a point on the façade of a
building or in a parking lot from a floodlight?
Factors to consider
Luminous intensity
Distance
Orientation of the surface

Luminous Intensity
Luminous Flux in
a certain
direction, radiated
per unit of solid
I
angle
w Unit : Candela
Symbol : I
I = Luminous flux
=
d
Solid Angle w

Luminous Intensity
Rotational symmetrical
Light distribution same
in all planes
Usually Circular or ‘Bowl
shaped’ luminaire

Luminous Intensity
Planar symmetrical
Luminaire distribution is
confined to two vertical
planes separately
Typical distribution for
Fluorescent Lamp
luminaires and Road
Lighting

Luminous Intensity
Asymmetrical
Asymmetry present in one of
the Planes of measurement.

Distance
Distance between a surface and the source affects the
illuminance (luminous flux per unit of area) striking that surface
Surface of a given area that is closer to the source captures a
larger portion of the flux in the cone than a surface of the same
given area that is further away
Considering the luminous intensity as the luminous flux
(lumens) leaving a source in a cone traveling in a specific
direction, as the area increases the iluminance decreases while
the luminous flux remains the same
Inverse Square Law states that the cross-sectional area of the
cone increases with the square of the distance from the source.
Therefore, the illuminance on this surface varies inversely with
the square of the distance from the source

Distance
Light Source
D
i
E = I/ d2 s
t
Solid Angle w a
n
c
I e
d
Plan A P
e

Distance
Inverse Square Law
E = I/ d2
Where:
E = Illuminance on the surface
I = Luminous intensity of the source in the direction
of the surface
d = Distance from the source to the surface

Orientation of the Surface
Surface orientation is included in the Inverse Square
Law by adding a cos  term:
E = I/ d2 cos 
 is the angle between the light ray coming from the

source to the point, and a line that is perpendicular
(normal) to the plane or surface on which the illuminance
is being measured or calculated

Orientation of the Surface
Cosine Law
Light Source 
Distance, d
E = I / d2 cos 
I
Plane P

Example 1. This example will consider the illuminance at a single

point on a horizontal surface from a single luminaire straight
down. An assumed LLF of 0.85 will be used.
D = 2.13 m
 = 15°
LLF = 0.85
I = 2200 candelas
The luminous intensity (I) is determined using the photometric
data for the specific luminaire used and the angular relationship
between the luminaire aiming direction and the direction from the
luminaire to the calculation point.

Using the equation;
E = I/ d2 x cos  x LLFTOTAL
E = 2200 cd x cos 15° x 0.85
2.13 m2
E = 398 lux (maintained)
This tells us that 398 lux will strike the point in question directly
from the luminaire and no reflected light is calculated. The
answer is a maintained illuminance level since a light loss factor
of 0.85 was included to account for the loss of light over time due
to reduced lumen output of the lamp and dirt on the luminaire
surfaces.

Example 2. This example will consider the illuminance at a single
point on a horizontal surface from two luminaires aimed straight
down. An assumed LLF of 0.85 will be used and Luminaire #1 is
the same in Example 1.
D1 = 2.13m 1 = 15°
D2 = 2.29m 2 = 25°
1 = 15° I1 = 2200 cd
2 = 25° I2 = 2000 cd
E1 = 398 lux (from previous calculation)
E2 = 291 lux (from calculations)
ETOTAL = E1 + E2 = 689 lux

Example 3. This example will consider the illuminance at multiple

points on a vertical surface from a luminaire aimed at the surface.
An assumed LLF of 0.85 will be used.
Table 1. Components of Example 3
Point Distance, m C C I LLF Emaintained
1 1.74 45 0 2300 0.85 463 lux
2 1.37 27 18 2225 0.85 893 lux
3 2.29 56 11 2100 0.85 194 lux
The luminaire is now aimed at the vertical surface so  is no

longer measured from straight down, and  and  are no longer
equal. Illuminance is calculated using the same equation as the
prior examples.

In Table 1, illuminance at point 2 is greater than at

point 1 and illuminance at point 3 is the least. This is
because the distance at point 2 is less than point 1 and
the angle theta ( ) at point 2 is less than at point 1,
despite the fact that the intensity in that direction is
less.
Similar reasoning can be used with regard to point 3.

These two factors cause the illuminance at point 2 to
be greater than the illuminance at point 3.

Sample Calculations
The calculations presented using various tables and

figures are only meant to give the user of this module a
general overview of the design of lighting system,
showing individual steps from the selection of the
recommended luminance level, to the design of lighting
layout.

Sample Calculations
Sample Calculation 1:
The room to be lighted is as follows:
Type of building : Commercial
Area/activity : Drafting/tracing paper, low contrast
Average age of worker : 35 years
Demand for speed and/or accuracy : Important
Task background reflectance : 75%
Size of room : 10.0 by 13.25 meters; 2.91 m ceiling
Height of work plane : 0.91 m

Sample Calculations
Reflectance factors : Ceiling 80%, walls 50%, and floor 30%

Luminaire type : Type 2, IES Lighting Handbook Table ; 300 mm
wide with two lamps
Lamps : 430 mA, 40 W, 1200 mm, warm white, rapid start tubular
fluorescent lamps
Atmosphere : Clean
Interval between cleaning : 12 months

Sample Calculations
Solution:
Step 1: Determine the recommended illuminance level:

From Illuminance Table (IES Lighting Handbook) , the
illuminance category is F.
From the IES Lighting Handbook Table, the recommended
level is 1000 lux

Sample Calculations

Sample Calculations
Step 2: Draw a cross section of the room and determine cavity
heights. Note there is no ceiling cavity.

Sample Calculations
Step 3: Calculate the cavity ratios using Equations and indicate
dimensions.

Sample Calculations
Step 4: Determine the effective floor cavity reflectance (pFC) from
IES Lighting Handbook Table. Note that the effective ceiling
cavity reflectance is the same as the actual ceiling
reflectance.

Sample Calculations
Step 5: Determine the coefficient of utilization:
It is necessary to interpolate for RCR = 1.75
For luminaire 2, ñCC= 80% and ñW = 50%

Sample Calculations
30% 1.070 (from above)
28% (interpolate) 1.056
20% 1.00
- Multiply by factor 0.9 as per note on IES Lighting

Handbook Table for luminaire 2, 300 mm wide using
two lamps.
Final Coefficient of Utilization

(CU) = 0.61 x 1.056 x 0.9 = 0.58

Sample Calculations
Step 6: Calculate the light loss factor (LLF):
- Ballast factor = 0.95
- LLD from IES Lighting Handbook Table is 84% (use 0.84)
- From IES Lighting Handbook Table, luminaire 2 is category V.
- LDD is 0.88
- RSDD: the light output is all down (direct distribution) the
luminaire is direct. From the graph in IES Lighting Handbook
Table , for a clean atmosphere at 12 months, the percent
expected dirt depreciation is 12%(use10%) and RSDD is 0.98.
LLF = 0.95 x 0.84 x 0.88 x 0.98 = 0.69 (two figure accuracy is acceptable)

Sample Calculations

Sample Calculations
Step 7: Calculate the total initial lamp lumens (TILL) using the
equation below:

Sample Calculations
Step 8: Calculate the required number of luminaires using
equation below. From IES Lighting Handbook Table, the
initial lumens are 3175 and there are two lamps per
luminaire.

Sample Calculations
Step 9: Select a practical layout for the luminaire:
- Assume continuous rows are required
- Calculate the maximum number per row lengthwise in
the room as in figure below for 1200-mm long luminaires.

Sample Calculations
- Number of rows required is 52/10 = 5

- Select 5 rows of 10 = 50

Sample Calculations
Step 10: Calculate the luminaire spacing using the figure below:
Sw = 10/5 = 2.0 m
Total length of each row = 10 x 1.2 = 12.0 m

Sample Calculations

Sample Calculations
Step 11: Check the maximum spacing allowed between rows:
- From the IES Lighting Handbook Table, for luminaire
2, SC is 1.4 for crosswise spacing.
- Maximum spacing = 1.4 x hRC = 1.4 x 2.0 = 2.8 m
- 2.0 m is within the limits

Sample Calculations
Step 12: Draw plan of the room and indicate the locations of
luminaires

Sample Calculations
Step 13: Calculate the actual minimum maintained lighting level:
(within 4% of target value)

Sample Calculations
Step 14: Calculate the unit power density (UPD); From the IES
Lighting Handbook table, the power input to the
ballast for each luminaire (two 430 mA, 1200 mm
lamps) is 95 watts.

Sample Calculations
The unit power density (UPD) of 35.85 W/m2 (3.33 watts
per square foot) is high. Before the advent of the energy
shortage, this value was accepted as normal. Today’s
practices, however dictate that the lighting load be kept as low
as possible by using energy-saving lamps and ballast.
In this example, the designer should start over with F32T8

or F36T8 lamps operated with electronic ballasts and go
through the calculations again to reduce the UPD.

Sample Calculations
Sample Calculation 2. Illustrations in calculating illumination levels
(Lux) on certain lighting layout configurations:
Illumination of a conference room with OSRAM DULUX CARRÉ

EL/D
2 x 24 W, with two DULUX L 24 W compact fluorescent lamps.
Room dimensions:
L = 15.00 m (length)
W = 8.00 m (width)
H = 3.40 m (ceiling-to-floor height)
h = 2.55 m (luminaire-to-work plane height)

Sample Calculations
Required quality of light:
Conference room: Light color ww or nw, Ra group 2A
Illuminance
E = 300 lux
Selected lamp:
2 DULUX L 24 W,
Light color LUMILUX Warm
(LF 31/830), Ra group 1B,
Luminous flux per lamp
ƒn= 1800 lumen

Sample Calculations
Lighting design data is available in EULUMDAT format
for most OSRAM luminaires. EULUMDAT data can be
read by a wide range of programs for lighting design,
including DIALUX (Version 2.0 and higher), RELUX,
SPECTRAL ƒn LUMAGIC and RADEMACHER BELWIN.
The table below shows the room utilization factor for
numerous combinations of room factors and reflectances
(always assuming ideal dispersion).
The illuminance E required in a room of area L x W is
achieved with n luminaires that have an efficiency çLB
and with lamps with a luminous flux .

Sample Calculations

Sample Calculations
Luminaire efficiency and light
distribution:
OSRAM DULUX CARRÉ EL/D 2 X 24 W
Light distribution A40.2 hLB = 0.58
Reflectances:
ñ Ceiling = 0.8
ñ Wall = 0.5
ñ Work surface = 0.3
Room utilization factor:

From the LiTG Table
For A40.2 (Table 1)
çR = 0.91

Sample Calculations
Calculation:
Result:
24 luminaires (ç is rounded up)
Recommended arrangement:
3 rows of 8 luminaries

Sample Calculations

Sample Calculations
Sample Calculation 3. Given are the following :
Width = 15 m
Length = 100 m
Ceiling height = 3.5 m
Desired Illumination = 400 lux
Type of Luminaire = 200mf Downlight w/ 26W TC-D Lamp

Sample Calculations
General Information:
Project Identification: Shopping Mall
Average maintained Illuminance: 400 lux or 400 lux /1lux x 10.76fc
= 37.17 fc
Lamp data: 26W TC-D (compact fluorescent lamp)
Lamp flux: 1800 lumen (as per manufacturer’s data)
Luminaire data:
Manufacturer: Zumtobel Staff (Fumaco)
Model No: Panos HG 2/26W TC-D VVG 200
ñw = 50%

Sample Calculations
Selection of Coefficient of Utilization:
Step 1: Fill in all information in sketch
L (Length) = 100 m
W (width) = 15 m
h (height) = 3.5 m

Sample Calculations
Step 2: Determine Cavity Ratio
If from manufacturer’s data, CU table are given based
on Room Cavity Ratio

Sample Calculations
If from manufacturer's data, CU table are given based on
Room Index
where:

Sample Calculations
Step 3: Obtain effective cavity reflectance:
Ceiling : cc = 70%
Wall : w = 50%
Floor : fc = 20%

Sample Calculations
Step 4: Obtain Coefficient of Utilization from manufacturer's
data: Based on Fig. 9-28 of IESNA Handbook @ RCR
1.34 @ 70/50/20 reflectance

Sample Calculations
by interpolation CU @ 1.34:
RCR = 0.64

Sample Calculations
Step 5: Compute for the Light Loss Factor (LLF)
LLF = Ballast factor x LLD x LDD x RSDD
Ballast Factor = 0.95
LLD (as per Figure 6.3 of IESNA Handbook) = Lumen maintenance
(LLD) of compact fluorescent lamp double Biax (TC-D) is LLD =
85%
LDD under luminaire maintenance category I @ very clean room
using Table 6-2 where maintenance frequency is every 12 months
LDD = 0.96
Since luminaire is Direct downlight (as per Figure 6.4 of ELI
handbook) % Room Surface Dirt Depreciation (RSDDF) is = 12%

Sample Calculations
by Interpolation, x = 0.976 (RSDD)
LLF = 0.95 x 0.85 x 0.96 x 0.976

LLF = 0.76

Sample Calculations
Step 6: Compute for Initial Lamp Lumens (TILL) using equation below:

Sample Calculations
Step 7: Calculate the required no. of luminaries using equation
below. From table lamp manufacturer’s data, the initial lamp
lumens of 26W TC-D lamp = 1,800 lumens

Sample Calculations
Step 8: Select a practical lay out for the luminaire.
Spacing Criterion, SC = spacing distance/mounting height
As per Figure 9-28 of IESNA Handbook, for 8" open reflector
using 2-26 CFL, SC = 1.5
Spacing distance = 1.5 x 3.5 m = 5.25 m
For this distance, 343 luminaires required to achieve 400 lux

illumination cannot be placed for the given area.

Sample Calculations
Step 9: Calculate Luminaire Spacing
Number of luminaires per row = (15m-5.25m)/5.25 = ~ 2

Number of luminaires per column = 343/2 = 172 luminaires x
5.25 m (spacing) = 903 m which exceeded 150 m.
Spacing criterion with this case is not applicable
Assuming spacing at end rows = 1 m
Number of luminaires/row = 15-2(1)/2 = 6.5 ~ 7 luminaires/row
Transverse spacing = 15-2(l)/6= 2.17 m

Sample Calculations
Total length at each row = 6 x 2.17 m = 13 m
Space at end rows = 15-13/2 = 1 m
Number of luminaires/column = 343/7 = 49 luminaires/column
Longitudinal spacing = 100-2(1)/48 = 2.04 m
Total length at each column = 48 x 2.04 m = 98 m
Space at end rows = 100m-98m/2 = 1 m
Total luminaires = 7 x 49 = 343 luminaires

Sample Calculations
Step 10: Draw plan of the room and indicate the locations of
luminaries:

Sample Calculations
Step 11: Calculate the actual minimum maintained lighting level:
E = 343/343 x 400 lux = 400 lux (within the target value)

Sample Calculations
Step 12: Calculate the power density (UPD) or connected load.
From manufacturers data, the power consumption of 2 x 26W
TC-D lamp using conventional ballast = 90watts, in using
electronic ballast = 70 watts

Sample Calculations
Sample Calculation 4. Given the following data:
Width = 15 m
Length = 100 m
Ceiling height = 3.5 m
Desired Illumination = 400 lux
Type of Luminaire = 200mf Downlight w/ 26W TC-D Lamp
Luminaire : 8" Downlight with 70W Metal Halide Lamp
Lamp Flux : 6600 lumens (from manufacturer’s data) from Table
(Figure 9-28) of IESNA handbook CU of metal halide downlight
#10 @ 70/50/20 reflectance & RCR of 1.34

Sample Calculations

Sample Calculations
Compute for the Light Loss Factor (LLF)
LLF = Ballast factor x LLD x LDD x RSDD

Ballast factor = 0.95
LLD of metal halide lamp = 0.85
LDD = 0.96
RSDDF = 0.976
LLF = 0.95 x 0.85 x 0.96 x 0.976
LLF = 0.76

Sample Calculations
Compute for the the total initial lamp lumens (TILL)

Sample Calculations
Compute for the number of luminaires

Sample Calculations
Compute for the number of luminaires/row
Spacing Criterion = 1.2, does not apply since total of 179
luminaires cannot be placed on the given area.
Assuming spacing criterion = 0.9
Spacing distance between luminaries = MH x SC
Spacing (Longitudinal) = 3.5 m x 0.9 = 3.15
Number of luminaires/column = 100/3.15 = 31 luminaires
Total length of column = 31 x 3.15 = 97.65 m
Space at end of column = (100-97.65)/2 = 1.175 m
Total luminaires at each row = 179/31 = 5.7 ~ 6 luminaires

Sample Calculations
Transverse spacing = 15m - 2(1.175m)/5
= 2.53 m
Total length of each row = 5 x 2.53m

= 12.65 m
Space at ends of row = (15 - 12.65)/2

= 1.175m
Total number of luminaries = 6 x 31

= 186 luminaires

Sample Calculations
Draw plan of the room and indicate the locations of luminaries.

Sample Calculations
Calculate the actual maintained lighting level.

Sample Calculations
Calculate the unit power density (connected load), from lamp
manufacturer’s data, the power input of 70W metal halide lamp
= 81.5 Watts.

Computer-Aided Lighting
Calculations

Computer-Aided Lighting Calculations
A wide variety of computer programs are

available from lighting manufacturers to perform
interior and exterior lighting calculations
Some programs are very simple, while others
are complex and can even interface with
computer-aided design

The following is a list of some of the software

available but are not intended as a substitute for
creating design but as an aid to the design process
General Electric Philippines
A GE Lighting Application Design and Analysis (ALADAN)
EUROPIC
OSRAM Philippines
DiaLux
Light@work
Philips Lighting and Electronics
CalcuLux
FUMACO Incorporated
RELUX 1 (Version 2.4 and 3.0)
DiaLux

PHILIPS Calculux Program

Indoor
Area
Road


Indoor
Calculux Indoor is a software tool which can help
lighting designers select and evaluate lighting systems
for office and industrial applications
Speed, ease of use and versatility are features of the
package from Philips Lighting, which runs under the
Microsoft Windows operating system
Calculux Indoor is part of the Philips Calculux line,
covering indoor, area and road applications


What Calculux Indoor does
Calculux is a very flexible system which offers lighting
designers a wide range of options:
You can use the package to simulate real lighting
situations and analyse different lighting installations
until you find the solutions which suits your technical as
well as your financial and aesthetic requirements best
Calculux not only uses luminaires from an extensive
Philips database, but can also use photometric data
which is stored in the Philips Phillum external format
Simple menus, logical dialogue boxes and a step by step
approach help you to find the most efficient and cost-
effective solutions for your lighting applications


What you can do with Calculux Indoor
Perform lighting calculations (including direct, indirect,
total and average illuminance) within orthogonal rooms
Predict financial implications including energy,
investment, lamp and maintenance costs for different
luminaire arrangements
Select luminaires from an extensive Philips database or
from specially formatted files for luminaires from other
suppliers
Specify room dimensions, luminaire types, maintenance
factors, interreflection accuracy, calculation grids and
calculation


What you can do with Calculux Indoor
Compile reports displaying results in text and graphical
formats
Support Switching modes and Light regulation factors
Support multiple languages


Sample Indoor Project
After installing the Calculux program in your PC, create
an indoor lighting project by entering general project
data, specify a room, perform a calculation and print a
report
Example: General lighting for an office given the
following room dimensions:
– Width 3.5 m
– Length 5.6
– Height 2.7 m


Select Project Luminaires from the Data menu
Select Indoor Lighting
Select the housing and light distributor of the luminaire
– Housing TBS 600/135
– Light Distributor C7-60
Select Arranged Luminaires from the Data menu
Click Add and select Room Block
– In the UF Method box you can see that 3.5 luminaires
is sufficient for the requested illuminance level of
300 lux as general lighting

Click Generate
– A Room Block arrangement of 4 luminaires will be
generated
In the Definition box enter the name of the arrangement,
enter:
– Name General
Define a (calculation) grid
– Before a calculation can be performed a (calculation)
grid has to be defined
– You can define your own grid, define a grid
according to a rule or use a preset grid


Select Grids from the Data menu
Perform a calculation
– Select Show Results from the Calculation menu
– The calculation will be performed
Printing the report
– Select Print Report from the File menu
Saving the project
– Select Save from the File menu
– Enter the file name
– Click OK to save the project
Select Exit from the File menu to close the program

Sample printouts of the program









Area
Calculux Area is a software tool which can help lighting
designers select and evaluate lighting systems for
sports fields, parking places, areas for general use,
industrial applications and even road lighting
calculations.
Calculux Area is part of the Philips Calculux line,
Same principles and procedures apply as when using
Calculux Indoor


Road
Calculux Road is a software tool which can help lighting
designers select and evaluate lighting systems for road
lighting installations
Calculux Road is part of the Philips Calculux line,
Same principles and procedures apply as when using
Calculux Indoor and Calculux Area

OSRAM DiaLux Program

OSRAM DIALux Program

Calculates the light exchange between luminaires and
any other surfaces (direct lighting) and the light
exchange between illuminated surfaces (indirect
lighting)
Lighting from the sky (daylight) or direct sunlight can
also be calculated
Calculation based on the radiosity method

Advanced Lighting Programs

Capable of extreme accuracy in spaces of complex
geometry
Most generate high quality semi-photorealistic images
depicting interior and exterior lighting, including
daylight
Radiosity
Ray-tracing programs
Some programs combine the computational speed of
radiosity with the accuracy and realism of ray tracing


Radiosity
Advanced radiosity programs have greater capabilities
than basic programs, including:
– Analysis of rooms of any shape
– Rooms can have sloping and complex ceilings
– Realistic objects in space
– Faster execution time
– Much more realistic renderings

Ray-tracing programs
Much less common since it requires more computer
time, data entry time and operator expertise
Produce superior visual results making them worth the
time and expense for critical lighting designs and
evaluations
Capable of demonstrating effects and issues caused by
specular surfaces and are the only programs that render
highlights, such as reflections in polished surfaces or
glass
Display lighted rooms in full color with accurate light
patterns on room surfaces and partitions, and realistic
shadows from realistic furniture


Some programs, such as Lightscape, use radiosity for
calculations then add a ray-tracing “layer” for realism
of specular reflections and highlights

Other Lighting Software Programs


Module 5 Lighting Calculations

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 5 Lighting Calculations

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 5

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Ewp = average maintained illuminance on the work plane

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Φ(TOTAL) = 2 luminaires x 3 lamps/luminaire x 2900 lumens/lamp

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

The efficiency of the luminaire

Each luminaire has its own CU table specific to that

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Where, hRC = Room cavity height

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Floor cavity ratio – is the space between the workplane and

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Since the coefficient of utilization is based on the room cavity

It is necessary to convert the actual ceiling reflectance into an

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Room cavity height (hRC) = Luminaire height – Workplane height

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

RCR = 5 x Room cavity height (Length + Width)

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Ballast Lamp Photometer Factor adjusts the

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

LLFTOTAL = Recoverable Factors x Nonrecoverable Factors

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

(lumens/lamp) x (lamps/luminaire) x (no. of luminaires)

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 – Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Using the equation for RCR, we get 3 as the answer.

Step 2. Determine Cavity ratios for ceiling and floor

Step 3. Obtain Effective Ceiling Cavity Reflectance (CC) using Tables in

Step 4. Obtain Effective Floor Cavity Reflectance (FC) using Tables in

Step 5. Obtain Coefficient of Utilization (CU) from Manufacturer’s Data

The CU based on calculated value of RCR and the given reflectances, we