Memory Representation

 Memory hierarchy
1. Internal Processor memory
2. Primary memory
3. Secondary memory

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Memory Representation

2
 Secondary Storage Devices

 Secondary storage devices facilitates storing of

information and programs permanently.
 Sequential Access
Magnetic Tape
Direct Access
Magnetic Disks : FDD, HDD, ZIP Disk
Optical Disks : CD ROM, DVD
Magneto Optical Disks

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Secondary Storage
Devices

ER. Avinash Bhagat , Senior Lecturer 4

 Traditional Floppy
Diskette

8-5 ER. Avinash Bhagat , Senior Lecturer

 Direct Access Storage
Devices
• magnetic hard and floppy disks
• removable hard disks
• optical discs
– CD-ROM,
– CD-R, CD-RW,
– DVD

GEOMETRY:
TRACKS and SECTORS
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 Floppy Disks

• Diskettes
• Floppies
• Portable storage
media
• Floppy disk drives Traditional Floppy
(FDD) Disk

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 Types of Floppies

• High capacity
• Known as a floppy-disk cartridge
• Require special disk drives
• Three well known types
– Zip disks
– HiFD disks
– SuperDisks

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 Hard Disks

• Use thicker, metallic platters for storage

• Faster than a floppy diskette

• Large capacity

• Sensitive instruments

8-9
Internal Hard Disk
• Located inside system unit
• Known as a fixed disk
• Designated as the C drive
• Advantages over floppies
– Access speed
– Capacity

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 Hard-Disk Cartridges

• Removable hard disks

• Used to complement
internal hard disk
• Capacities of 10 to 20
GB PC Card Hard Disks

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 Hard-Disk Packs

• Removable
• Massive storage capacity
• Common in mainframes
• Resembles stack of vinyl records

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Hard-Disk Pack

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 Optical Disks

• Compact
• Permanent storage
• Laser beams reflect off pits
• Two common types
– CD
– DVD

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 Compact Disc

• Optical format
• From 650 MB to 1 GB capacity
• Rotation speeds vary
• Types
– Read only: CD-ROM
– Write once: CD-R
– Rewriteable: CD-RW
– Picture CDs and Photo CDs

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 Digital Versatile Disc

• Digital Versatile Disk or Digital Video Disk

(DVD)
• Similar to CDs, but can store more data
• Types
– Read only
– Write once
– Rewritable

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CD-ROM

• density: 16,000 tpi

• up to 650 MBytes
• Non-erasable, non-
writeable storage
• discs are mastered,
pressed (mass production)
• Multi-speeds drives
common

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 CD–R
• discs are “burnt” one at a
time
• high intensity laser beam
used for recording
pregrooved tracks
• low intensity beam for
reading
• attributes similar to CD-
ROM

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CD-RW
• CD-ReWritable--
writable, erasable disc
• optical phase-change
recording
• Erased, written up to
1,000 times
• UDF (Universal Disk
Format)
– variable-length packets
– fixed-length packets
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 DVD

• Digital Versatile Disc

• second generation CD-ROM
• higher capacity:
– higher data density
– multiple sides
– multiple layers

ER. Avinash Bhagat , Senior Lecturer 20

 DataPlay
• Optical disk
• Write once format
• Quarter size
– 500 MB capacity
– Holds 5 hours of CD-quality
sound
• Use for storing and playing
music files

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 Other Types of Secondary
Storage
• Solid-state storage

• Internet hard drives

• Magnetic tape

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 Solid-State Storage

• Flash memory cards

– Widely used in notebook computers
– Used to record MP3 music files

• Key chain hard drives

– Key chain flash memory
devices
– Connects to a USB port

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Internet Hard Drives

ER. Avinash Bhagat , Senior Lecturer 24

 Magnetic Tape
• External storage
• Provides sequential access
– Information stored in sequence
– Slower than disks which provide
direct access
• Magnetic tape streamers or tape
cartridges used by both
mainframes and
microcomputers
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 A Look to the Future
Blu-Ray Technology
• New standard in storage
• Blu-Ray
– New disks use blue laser light instead of the red laser
light used in traditional CD players
– Disks may ultimately hold
• Over 30GB on one-sided disks
• Over 50GB on two-sided disks

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