By

Prajesh Niranjan
Inverter is a device that convert DC(direct
current) intoAC(Alternative current)
Basically it is very harmful for use the DC supply
so inverter is very useful instrument for every
place and industry
Solar panels output Direct Current (DC). As DC
electricity cannot be used directly by common
household appliances nor fed into the mains
grid; it first needs to be converted to Alternating
Current (AC).
-GRID TIEDINVERTERS
There are main three types of this inverters
MICRO INVERTERS
STRING INVERTERS
CENTRALINVERTERS
Solar panels convert the sun’s energy into
DC electricity
The DC electricity is channelled into a solar
inverter that converts it to
240V 50HzACelectricity.
The 240VAC electricity can be used to power
home appliances
Surplus electricity is fed back into the main
grid.
A microinverter consists of a small box
located on the back of or situated very close
to a solar panel. Its role is to convert the DC
electricity produced by a single solar panel.
Panel level MPPT (Maximum Power PointTracking)
Increase system availability – a single malfunctioning panel will
not have such an impact on the entire array
Panel level monitoring
Lower DC voltage, increasing safety. No need for ~ 600V DC
cabling requiring conduits
Allows for increased design flexibility, modules can be oriented in
different directions
Increased yield from sites that suffer from overshadowing, as one
shadowed module doesn’t drag down a whole string
No need to calculate string lengths – simpler to design systems
Ability to use different makes/models of modules in one system,
particularly when repairing or updating older systems
Higher costs in terms of dollars per watt,
currently up to double the cost compared to
string inverters
Increased complexity ininstallation
Given their positioning in an installation, some
micro-inverters may have issues in extreme heat
Increased maintenance costs due to there being
multiple units in an array.
Power-One is emerging as a leader in micro-
inverter technology.
A string inverter is the type most commonly
used in home and commercial solar power
systems. It is a large-ish box that is often
situated some distance away from the solar
array. Depending on the size of
the installation, there may be more than one
string inverter present.
Allows for high design flexibility
High efficiency
Robust
3 phase variations available
Low cost
Well supported (if buying trusted brands)
Remote system monitoring capabilities
No panel levelMPPT*
No panel levelmonitoring*
High voltage levels present a potential safety
hazard
As with any other device, the “trusted brand”
issue is an important one. Not all string
inverters are created equal; as this video
demonstrates.
Central inverters are designed for
applications such as large arrays installed on
buildings, industrial facilities as well as
field installations – they are basically just a
very large stringinverter.
 Low capital price per watt
High efficiency
Comparative ease of installation – a single unit
in somescenarios
Central inverterdisadvantages
Size
Noise
A single potential point of entire system failure
SMA(Sunny Central) and Fronius (CLseries –
shown above) are leading central inverter
brands.
sometimes called PV inverters, are types of
electrical inverters which are developed to
change a DC (direct current) voltage from
photovoltaic arrays into AC (alternating
current) currents which in turn are used to
power home appliances and some utility
grids. These solar inverters are very popular
nowadays as electricity costs continue to rise.
Also, this helps conserve energy for future
use.
which match phase with a utility-supplied sine wave. Grid-tie
inverters are designed to shut down automatically upon loss
of utility supply, for safety reasons. They do not provide
backup power during utility outages.
used in isolated systems where the inverter
draws its DC energy from batteries charged
by photovoltaic arrays. Many stand-alone
inverters also incorporate integral battery
chargers to replenish the battery from anAC
source, when available. Normally these do
not interface in any way with the utility grid,
and as such, are not required to have anti-
islanding protection.
, are special inverters which are designed to
draw energy from a battery, manage the
battery charge via an onboard charger, and
export excess energy to the utility grid. These
inverters are capable of supplying AC energy
to selected loads during a utility outage, and
are required to have anti-islanding protection
Solar inverters use maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) to get the maximum possible
power from the PV array.[2] Solar cells have a
complex relationship between solar irradiation,
temperature and total resistance that produces
a non-linear output efficiency known as the I-V
curve. It is the purpose of the MPPT system to
sample the output of the cells and determine a
resistance (load) to obtain maximum power for
any given environmentalconditions
A charge controller may be used to power DC
equipment with solar panels. The charge
controller provides a regulated DC output
and stores excess energy in a battery as well
as monitoring the battery voltage to prevent
under/over charging. More expensive units
will also perform maximum power point
tracking.An inverter can be connected to the
output of a charge controller to drive AC
loads.
Advanced solar pumping inverters convert DC voltage
from the solar array into AC voltage to drive
submersible pumps directly without the need for
batteries or other energy storage devices. By utilizing
MPPT (maximum power point tracking), solar
pumping inverters regulate output frequency to
control the speed of the pumps in order to save the
pump motor fromdamage.
Solar pumping inverters usually have multiple ports to
allow the input of DC current generated by PV arrays,
one port to allow the output of AC voltage, and a
further port for input from a water-level sensor.
 Type Power Efficiency(a) Remarks

Cost(b) €0.15 per watt-peak. Easy

String inverter up to 100kWp(c) 98%
to replace.

€0.10 per watt-peak. High

Central inverter above 100 kWp 98.5% reliability. Often sold along with
a service contract.

€0.40 per watt-peak. Ease of

Micro-inverter module power range 90%–95%
replacement concerns.

€0.40 per watt-peak. Ease of

DC/DC converter replacement concerns. Inverter
module power range 98.8%
Power optimizer is still needed. About 0.75GWP
Thank you