Practice1- Aim of the Experiment-Site visit to acquire knowledge on Solar powered

Projects.

Site Name-MGM Greens Solar Power Plant(Ugratara)

History of the Plant

The Plant was established on 11th October 2011 by BP Solar, Germany. The total area is 6.28 Acers
whereas only the plant area is 5 acers .At the time of installation it costs 14.5 Crores with 40% subside. It proposed
for 5 MW Power Generation Plant with Net Metering system but 1MW was installed . At that time the price/unit
was 18.72 Paisa as per agreement.

Technical Specification (Panel)

Panel specification
1. Polycrystalline Panels
2. No of Panels-4400
3. Pmax-230Watt
4. Vmax-29.1 Volt
5. Imax-7.9 Amp
6. Voc-36.7 Volt
7. Isc-8.4 Amp

 Inverter
1. Central Inverter with 1000kilowatt(KV)
2. Maximum system Voltage -1000 Volt DC
3. No of Inverters-2
4. Each Inverter Capacity 800 KV
5. Operation Voltage -500 KV

 Transformer Specification – 1250 KVA ,

Step Down, 11000/300 or 11/0.3(KV)

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

  Structure arrangement

Though the no of panels is 4400 so the structure is not uniform but it likely to be system balanced. 22 modules are in
one string. So 4400 modules has 200 Strings .One Inverter has 200/2=100 Strings with 500 Volts.

The others technical systems are

1. String JB
2. Main JB
3. LT Breaker
4. HT Breaker

So total system Voltage is 36.7*22= 807.4 approx.800 volt DC

System Fuse is 20 Amp

Observation at one time 12.20 to 12.30 PM

Sl Parameter Inverter-1(500KV) Inverter-2(500KV) Others

No
1 DC Voltage 530 511
2 DC Current 591 610
3 DC Power 316 324
4 AC Voltage 286 286
5 AC Current 610 618
6 Temperature 88 91
7 Energy in Kilowatt Hour 1184.002 1195.99
8 Current Entering 44.75 36.55
9 Radiation 855.43 W/m at 12.28
PM
10 Module Temperature 56.29
11 Wind Speed 46 Km/Hr
12 Tilt angle 68 degree (designed)

Nato Bean-The two inverter has a frequency synchronizing system .Capacitor Bank for adjusting Frequency .It has
LCL filtering system .If the voltage is 400-440 then the system will automatic synchronized.

Billing System

Energy Generated in different Season approximately

1) Summer-4500/day
2) Winter-4000/day
3) Rainy-3000/day

So as per this data from 1st April,2018 to 31st January,2019 it has generated 9,70,000 Kilowatt Hours .

As Per agreement per unit was Rs 18.72 .But now its Rs 4.30 .Still its billing as per agreement.

So total 9,70,000(Kwatt hr)*Rs 18.72=Rs 1,81,58,400/-

As per the status of January 2019 the energy was 1, 10,000 kilowatt hour .@ Rs 18.72.

NET METER

CONTROL ROOM

Practice2: Preparation of single line diagram (System layout) of the system

Do your self elase contact me ..

Given in google class room

Practice3: Identify the load to be connected to the Solar PV system
Follow the PDF---

 Panels: PV panels, which cost anywhere from Rs2.40 per watt to over Rs5 per watt, are the single biggest

expense of a PV system. Their placement and mounting affect your system performance more than any

other facet of the job.

 Mounting equipment: Mounting your PV panels is of critical importance. First, you need to mount the

panels where they’ll get maximum sunshine over the course of a year. But the more difficult problem is to

mount them with enough integrity that they’ll stay put for 25 years or more.

 DC-to-AC inverters: Inverters take the low-voltage, high-current signals from the PV panels and convert

them into 120VAC (or 240 VAC), which is directly compatible with grid power. Inverters cost around

Rs0.70 per watt, or around Rs2,600 for a typical application. From a reliability standpoint, they are

generally the weak link in any PV system, so quality is a must.

  Tracking mounts: Tracking mounts mechanically move the PV panels over the course of a day so that

they directly face the sun at all times. Dual axis trackers change both azimuth and elevation, while single

axis trackers only match the azimuth.

 Disconnect switches: Disconnect switches are of critical importance, and they need to be mounted within

easy reach. Every member of your family should know exactly how to turn the PV system off for safety

reasons. If any abnormal behavior occurs in your home’s electrical system, shut off the solar system first.

 Wiring and fuse box connections: Wiring, conduit, and connections to your household main fuse box are

minor hardware expenses, but they comprise a big chunk of the labor when you’re installing a PV system.

 Utility power meters: Conventional power meters are capable of spinning backward, but utility companies

usually change to a special digital meter when you connect to the grid because most solar customers go to

the TOU (time-of-use) rate structure, which requires more intelligent processing than a mechanical device

is capable of.

Practice-4- Perform simple calculation of power, energy,

radiation etc.

Here you will learn how to calculate the annual energy output of a photovoltaic solar installation.
The global formula to estimate the electricity generated in output of a photovoltaic system is :

E = A * r * H * PR
E = Energy (kWh)
A = Total solar panel Area (m2)
r = solar panel yield or efficiency(%)
H = Annual average solar radiation on tilted panels (shadings not included)
PR = Performance ratio, coefficient for losses (range between 0.5 and 0.9, default value = 0.75)

r is the yield of the solar panel given by the ratio : electrical power (in kWp) of one solar panel divided by the area
of one panel.
Example : the solar panel yield of a PV module of 250 Wp with an area of 1.6 m2 is 15.6%.
Be aware that this nominal ratio is given for standard test conditions (STC) : radiation=1000 W/m2, cell
temperature=25 celcius degree, Wind speed=1 m/s, AM=1.5.
The unit of the nominal power of the photovoltaic panel in these conditions is called "Watt-peak" (Wp or
kWp=1000 Wp or MWp=1000000 Wp).

H is the annual average solar radiation on tilted panels. You can find this global radiation value here :Solar
radiation databases
You have to find the global annual radiation incident on your PV panels with your specific inclination (slope, tilt)
and orientation (azimut).

PR : PR (Performance Ratio) is a very important value to evaluate the quality of a photovoltaic installation because
it gives the performance of the installation independently of the orientation, inclination of the panel. It includes all
losses.

Example of detailed losses that gives the PR value (depends on the site, the technology, and sizing of the
system):
- Inverter losses (4% to 10 %)
- Temperature losses (5% to 20%)
- DC cables losses (1 to 3 %)
- AC cables losses (1 to 3 %)
- Shadings 0 % to 80% !!! (specific to each site)
- Losses at weak radiation 3% to 7%
- Losses due to dust, snow... (2%)
- Other Losses (?)

Practice-5-Carry out operation of the Solar PV system components

Solar PV Panels & Solar PV Modules

Solar PV Panels and solar modules: are employed to capture the sun's energy and supply DC
power to the system. Solar panels and modules are connected together into PV strings to form a
solar PV array.

A typical commercial solar panel measures between 1600mm -1800mm in length x 800mm -
1200mm wide with a power rating of between 200W-250W per panel. However, solar PV panels
can come in a wide range of shapes, sizes and power outputs to suit specific applications and
designs. Solar PV panels can usually be mounted horizontally or vertically to best fit the
mounting space.

Solar PV panels can be provided either with frames for securing onto supports (such as on-roof
and ground mounts), or supplied without frames for integration into roofs and other structures
such as solar walls and building facades..

Solar PV Power Inverters (Grid Connected)

Solar PV Inverters: convert the DC electricity provided by the solar PV panels into
AC electricity for use in the building and for export to the national grid.

Inverters are specified to maximise the PV output from the array whilst minimising
power losses. Solar power inverters are sized and chosen taking account the power
capability of each solar panel, the operating temperatures and the number of solar
panels in each string (voltages).

Different solar PV systems with different electrical and physical characteristics often
justify different approaches to the type and choice of inverters that are used. A modular
design may employ many small inverters (known as micro-inverters) whilst one or two
central inverters could also be chosen based on which setup achieves the optimum
power output.

Most inverters will come with a basic form of system monitoring and a built in DC
safety disconnect. In the UK look for G83/G59 certification which means the inverter
has been tested to be compatible with the national grid. Inverters can also be supplied
suitable for single (mostly residential), two or three phase power systems.
Solar PV Mounting Systems

On Roof Solar PV Panel Mounting: is likely to be one of the more cost effective
options when retrofitting a solar PV system. Most standard solar PV panels are
supplied with aluminum frames which are designed to be securely attached to
prefabricated rails. These rails are then used to secure the whole solar assembly to the
roof.

Considerations: Added weight on the roof, size of the roof (how many panels/how
much power), shading.
In-Roof Solar PV Panel Mounting: systems offers a flush finish where aesthetics
are important. There is a large choice of systems that can be used to integrate with
most types of roof. In-roof mounting can be cost effective when needing to re-roof
and for new builds as slates, tiles etc won't be needed in the spaces covered by the
solar panels.

Considerations: As above but additional roof work and materials can make a system
more expensive. Suitable flashings should be used to ensure waterproofing. Adequate
ventilation should be provided as solar PV panels and cables should be kept cool to
perform at their best.
Ground Mounting Solar PV Panels: is a cost effective solution when outside space
is available. Commercially available in many types, materials and styles there is a
ground mount to suit every location, we can also fabricate and install bespoke
mounts.

Considerations: Outside space, shading, cable lengths and trenches for burying
cables. Shorter lengths of cable will incur fewer power losses.
Canopy, Carport & Awning Mounting systems for Solar PV Panels: achieve the
benefits of creating additional mounting space when working with a property with
limited roof space, extending a buildings footprint and increasing the outside living
space. Canopy frames can be supplied in all shapes and sizes. Non standard size solar
panels and modules can also be supplied.

Considerations: Shading, space, aesthetics.

Flat Roof Solar PV Panel mounting systems: Can offer a low cost, quick to install
and flexible option for mounting solar panels onto flat residential and commercial
roofspaces. Available in a wide range of styles from plastic tubs through to
ruggedised racking systems to suit each roofspace and local weather conditions. Tilt
angles can often be optimised to make the most from the available space i.e careful
placement to avoid solar panels shading each other.

Considerations: Roof penetrations should be carefully waterproofed, consideration

for wind and weight loadings are especially relevant to flat roof mounted PV
systems.
Building Integrated PV Modules: Can be used in anything from solar PV slates
through to flexible thin film PV panels and modules integrated into roofing
membranes. PV cells can be prefabricated into skylights and windows or custom
built into balconies and solar walls. The small size of solar PV cells and innovations
in manufacturing mean that pretty much anything is possible. Unfortunately the
custom nature of these systems and the cost involved in non-standard PV
manufacturing can often (but not always) make these systems more expensive.

The range of solar PV mounting systems that we supply for solar PV installations can
 be found here: Solar PV Mounting Systems

Solar PV Electrical Components

AC & DC Isolators: enable electrical separation from and within the PV system
for safety when carrying out installations, upgrades and maintenance work.

For safety, isolators should be installed anywhere where it may be beneficial to

disconnect a part of the power system for a period of time. As a minimum an AC
isolator should be provided between the main distribution board (or consumer unit)
and the inverter(s) enabling easy disconnection of the whole PV system from the
power supply.
PV Junction Boxes / PV Combiner Boxes: are used to safely terminate multiple
strings of PV panels on the DC side i.e. before connection to the inverter(s). Not
always necessary for smaller systems, PV combiner boxes provide the useful
functions of being able to safely isolate and fuse individual PV strings and to
aggregate many smaller PV strings into fewer cables before connecting into the
inverter(s).

PV junction boxes or PV combiner boxes are a simple solution where different

solar panel arrays need to be combined, where individual string performance is to
be monitored or where the inverter has a limited number of inputs.
Solar PV Cables & Connectors: are used to connect the various components and
are sized and selected to perform at their best based on; the current they will carry,
the operating temperatures where they will be used and the environments where
they will be installed (outside, in hot areas, underground etc).

Consideration should be given to the types of connectors used, the IP ratings of the
cables and the connectors; whilst ensuring cables are installed in secure, safe areas
where they are unlikely to be damaged or interfered with.
Solar PV Generation Meters: are available for both single and three phase power
networks and are used to measure the amount of electricity that a solar PV system
generates..

Solar PV System Monitoring

Solar PV System Monitoring: can be carried out simply by most

commercially available inverters, many of which can be supplied with network
cards and modems and also intergated into PC and web applications. Output
displays of all sizes for both private and public locations where the inverter isn't
accessible can also be supplied and relatively simply connected.

More advanced monitoring can be provided through the installation of a

dedicated monitoring system. This equipment can be supplied with the ability
to provide advanced monitoring including remote diagnostics (including
individual solar panels and strings) and integration with network wide data
logging packages for larger systems or for those managing multiple systems.
The equipment below is required for Off Grid PV Systems and can also be added options for Grid Tied Systems that
are designed to also store power locally.

7-Solar PV Power Inverters (Off-Grid)

Off-Grid Solar PV Power Inverters: convert the DC power provided by storage

batteries into AC power for use within the building using congenital wiring.

Particular attention needs to be paid when specifying an off-grid inverter to ensure

continuous and smooth operation, particularly in cases where they are likely to be
supplying fluctuating loads.

Solar PV Charge Controllers: protect batteries by blocking reverse current and

preventing battery overcharge.

More advanced Charge Controllers can also monitor battery temperature using
sensors, optimising the voltage to compensate, protecting the batteries.

A good charge controller selected for a good match for the batteries and the
operating temperature is a wise investment for any battery based power system.

Solar Batteries: are used to store DC power generated by the Solar PV Panels.
Using solar batteries ensures that power is available when the PV array isn't
generating power. The size, type and amount of batteries in a system is
determined by the number of ampere hours of (backup) power required and to be
kept in reserve.

The correct sizing of batteries is an essential factor in the performance of any Off-
Grid PV system. It is the characteristics of the solar batteries which will determine
the length of time you will be able to operate between charges.

Battery capacity is measured in ampere Hours (Ah). A series of batteries is called

a battery bank.

Equipment Standards

Part 1 of BS7671 (Requirements for Electrical Installations) requires that every item must comply with the
appropriate EN or HD (Harmoside Document) or National Standard implementing the HD in the UK. In selecting
equipment care must be taken to ensure that the equipment complies with the appropriate British Standard.

Independent Certification Schemes

BSI Kitemark: BSI has tested the product and has confirmed that the product conforms
to the relevant Bristish Standard.
British Approvals Service for Cables Mark:

ASTA Diamond Mark: Tested and conforms to standard and factory quality
management to ISO 9001

BEAB Approved Mark: Electrical safety mark for household and similar appliances.

HAR Mark: European third party certification mark for cables and cords complying
with relevant European safety standards (ENs/HDs)

ENEC Mark: European third party certification mark for electrical equipment
complying with the European safety standards, for luminaires, transformers, power
supply units and switches.

CEN/CENELEC Keymark: European third party certification mark for household and
similar electrical appliances, complying with relevant European safety standards.

MCS Approved: The Solar PV equipment or solar PV installer has been inspected and
tested and has been found to be in accordance with the standards of the Microgeneration
Certification Scheme (MCS).