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Sensors: A.K.A. Interfacing To The Real World
Sensors: A.K.A. Interfacing To The Real World
a.k.a.
Interfacing to the Real World:
Review of Electrical Sensors and Actuators
Andrew Mason
Associtate Professor, ECE
sensor intelligent
real
feedback
world
actuator system
sensor sensor
sensor bus sensor bus
processor PC processor
comm. comm.
comm. card
– photodiode
• light I
• Secondary Transducers
– Wheatstone Bridge
– Amplifiers
• Rotation
– gyroscope
• Pressure
Diaphragm (Upper electrode)
• Thermistor Half-Bridge
– voltage divider
– one element varies
• Wheatstone Bridge
– R3 = resistive sensor
– R4 is matched to nominal value of R3
– If R1 = R2, Vout-nominal = 0 VCC
– Vout varies as R3 changes
R1+R4
• Voltage Follower
– buffer
• Differential Amp
• Integrating Amp
• Differentiating Amp
• Voltage-to-Current
• Input stage
– high input impedance input stage
• buffers gain stage
– no common mode gain
– can have differential gain
• Gain stage
– differential gain, low input impedance total differential gain
2R2 R1 R4
• Overall amplifier Gd
– amplifies only the differential component
R1 R3
• high common mode rejection ratio
– high input impedance suitable for biopotential electrodes with high
output impedance
Frequency (MHz)
• T = a + bV +cV2, 4.000
1010
T2 1001
– T= temperature; V=sensor voltage; 1101
offset
3.000
• Compensation
2.000
T3
1.000