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Dry cement must be mixed with the proper amount of water to ensure
that slurry and set-cement properties are as designed.
The jet mixer induces a partial vacuum at the venturi throat, drawing in
the dry cement. High stream turbulence then provides thorough mixing
The objective of a primary cement job is to place the cement slurry in the
annulus behind the casing.
The first stage is completed in the manner described above, with the
exception that the cement slurry does not fill the entire annulus, but
reaches only a pre-determined height above the shoe.
The second stage is carried out by including a special tool in the casing
string which can be opened, allowing cement to be pumped from the
casing and into the annulus.
This tool is called a multi stage cementing tool and is placed in the casing
string at the point at which the bottom of the second stage is required.
• Accelerated neat
• Ready-mix concrete
• Thixotropic cement
• LCM additives
When cementing down casing, plugs may not be used; cement is simply placed
The cement must have a compressive strength high enough to support the
wellhead load;
Surface casing is usually the second string of pipe set in the well.
This creates a strong seal with the pipe and formation for solid support of
the casing.
• Accelerated cements
• LCM additives
The intermediate casing is the first string of pipe set after the surface
casing. Intermediate casing strings extend from the surface to a
formation able to hold the mud weights expected at greater depth.
Where the annulus is small, friction reducers lower pump pressures and
reduce the chance of losing fluids in a lost-circulation zone.
The production casing is the last full string of pipe set in the well, and
extends to the surface.
The production casing is normally the last casing set in the well. It may
be subjected to maximum well pressures and temperatures, and must be
designed to withstand such conditions
· Common casing sizes are 4 1/2 in., 5 1/2 in., and 7 in.
As with intermediate casing and long surface pipe, both filler and
completion cement are usually employed.
The completion slurry needs to have good fluid control and sufficient
compressive strength to hold the weight of the pipe and to bond the
formation to the pipe.
Cementing Techniques
Single Stage Cementing Operation
The single stage primary cementing operation is the most common type of
cementing operation that is conducted when drilling a well.
In the case of the single stage operation, the casing with all of the
required cementing accessories such as the float collar, centralisers etc. is
run in the hole until the shoe is just a few feet off the bottom of the hole
and the casing head is connected to the top of the casing.
It is essential that the cement plugs are correctly placed in the cement
head.
The casing is then circulated clean before the cementing operation begins
Cementing Techniques
Single Stage Cementing Operation
Cementing Techniques
Single Stage Cementing Operation
1. The first cement plug (wiper plug) is droped down ahead of the cement
to wipe the inside of the casing clean.
2. The spacer is then pumped into the casing. The spacer is followed by
the cement slurry.
3. This is followed by the second plug (shutoff plug). When the wiper plug
reaches the float collar its rubber diaphragm is ruptured, allowing the
cement slurry to flow through the plug, around the shoe, and up into
the annulus. At this stage the spacer is providing a barrier to mixing of
the cement and mud.
4. When the solid, shut-off plug reaches the float collar it lands on the
wiper plug and stops the displacement process..
Prepared by: Dr. Tan Nguyen
Well Design
Cementing Techniques
Multi-Stage Cementing Operation
Cementing Techniques
Multi-Stage Cementing Operation
• Cost due to the long distance between pay zones (reduce the high
quality volume of cement required for the production zones)
Cementing Techniques
Multi-Stage Cementing Operation
Cementing Techniques
Multi-Stage Cementing Operation
Cementing Techniques
Multi-Stage Cementing Operation
Cementing Techniques
Multi-Stage Cementing Operation
First stage:
The procedure for the first stage of the operation is similar to the single
stage operation, except that a wiper plug is not used and only a liquid
spacer is pumped ahead of the cement slurry.
This type of shut-off plug is used because it has to pass through the stage
cementing collar which will be discussed below.
Cementing Techniques
Multi-Stage Cementing Operation
Second stage
Cementing Techniques
Multi-Stage Cementing Operation
Second stage
Cementing Techniques
Liner Cementing
Cementing Techniques
Liner Cementing
Cementing Techniques
Liner Cementing
Cementing Techniques
Liner Cementing
Cementing Techniques
Liner Cementing
6. Apply pressure to the pump down plug and shear out the pins on the
wiper plug. This releases the wiper plug
7. Both plugs move down the liner until they latch onto landing collar
Liner Cementing
Cementing Techniques
Squeeze Cementing
• To seal off gas or water producing zones, and thus maximise oil
production from the completion interval
Cementing Techniques
Squeeze Cementing
• To carry out remedial work on a poor primary cement job (to fill up the
annulus)
Cementing Techniques
Squeeze Cementing
A primary cement job can be considered a failure if the cement does not
isolate undesirable zones. This will occur if:
• The cement does not fill the annulus to the required height between
the casing and the borehole.
• The cement does not provide a good seal between the casing and
borehole and fluids leak through the cement sheath to surface.
• The cement does not provide a good seal at the casing shoe and a
poor leak off test is achieved
When any such failures occur some remedial work must be carried out. A
number of methods can be used to assess the effectiveness of the
cement job. These include:
Prepared by: Dr. Tan Nguyen
Well Design
The cement bond logging tools have become the standard method of
evaluating cement jobs since they not only detect the top of cement,
but also indicate how good the cement bond is.
The CBL tool is basically a sonic tool which is run on wireline. The
distance between transmitter and receiver is about 3 ft.