COMPUTER APPLICATION FOR

YOUNG CHILDREN
(DECE 1113)

CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY

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EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

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 OBJECTIVES

1. Determine goals & formulate objectives

2. Analyze characteristics of learner
3. Organize content in logical or psychological sequence
4. Mediate between content & resources of presentation
5. Provide feedback among other components for the
modification of learners
6. Evaluate the learners’ performance in terms of
achieving educational objectives

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 COMPUTER
• An electronic device that manipulates information, or data
• Has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data
• Consist of hardware and software

Hardware is any part of your computer Software is any set of instructions that
that has a physical structure, such as the tells the hardware what to do and how to
keyboard or mouse. It also includes all of do it. Examples of software include web
the computer's internal parts. browsers, games, and word processors.

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 HISTORY OF COMPUTER & ITS
EVOLUTION
• Earliest known device: Abacus
• perform simple calculations

• 1642
• first basic calculator
• by Blaise Pascal
• can only do limited jobs
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 • Leibnitz machine (1690)
• perform +, -. x, ÷ & square roots
• instructions were hardcoded &
cannot be changed

• Babbage’s Difference Engine (1822)

• perform calculations without human
intervention

• Babbage’s Analytical Engine (1833)

• had an arithmetic unit to perform
calculations & mechanism to store results
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 • Von Neumann Machine (1940)
• ability to encode instructions
• first stored-program

• Electrical Numerical Integrator & Calculator, ENIAC (1946)

• by Eckert & Mauchly
• required big space & lots of energy to keep cool
• had punched-card input & output
• instructions fed into the machine by way of switches because there
was no internal memory within the machine
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 BIRTH OF COMPUTER GENERATION
Generation Characteristics Examples
First • vacuum tube system • ENIAC
• punched cards for data input • IBM UNIVAC 1
• punched cards & paper tape for output
• bigger, slower & less efficient
• manually assembled
• not commercially used

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Generation Characteristic Example
Second • transistors • IBM 1620
• smaller, faster, reliable & energy efficient
• concept of a stored program emerged
• worked with higher level languages

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Generation Characteristic Example
Third • integrated circuits • IBM 360
• flexible & smaller • PDP 8
• well suited for commercial applications • PDP 11
• known as mini computers

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Generation Characteristic Example
Fourth • VLSI or Microprocessor • IBM PC
• Interactive general purpose machines • Apple / MacIntosh
• allow rapid application development • Super computers
• easier to use for personal application (CRAY series)
• can be used easily in network

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Generation Characteristic Example
Fifth • Artificial Intelligence (AI) • IBM Notebook
• portable & sophisticated • Pentium PCs
• superior in processing speed • RARAM 10000
• user friendly
• connectivity to network

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COMPUTER CLASSIFICATION

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TYPE: DIGITAL
• solve problems by performing calculations and by dealing with each number digit by digit
• every things that a digital computer does is based on one operation
• the ability to determine whether a switch or ‘‘gate’’, is open or closed that is, the computer
can recognize only two states in any of its microscopic circuit on or off, high voltage or low
voltage
• using the binary system of numbers where there in only 1 and 0 (1 stands for on and 0
stands for off)
• the speed at which the computer performs this simple act however, it is what makes it a
marvel or Modern technology Examples
• Digital watches
• Calculators
• Apple Macintosh
• etc
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 TYPE: ANALOG
 either electronic or hydraulic devices that are designed to exploit mathematical
similarity between physical interrelationships in certain problems instead of numeric, to
process their data

 FOR INSTANCE: Imagine a computer that receives current as input then converts it in to
voltage which may now be added or multiplied and sent to another devices for a specific
purpose. The term analogue means ‘‘continuity’’ of associated quantity like an analogue clock
measures time by means of the distance travelled by the hand of the clock around a dial.

Examples Advantages Disadvantages

• Speedometer • Store images • Complexity
• Analogue clock • Sound, motion pictures • They were very
• Tire pressure gauge • Devices and media that complicated for
• Thermometer represent containing output for the
users some time.

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TYPE: HYBRID
• contain elements of both digital and analogue computer
• usually used for problems in which large numbers of complex equations, known
as Timeintegrals, which are to be computed..
• also generally used in scientific applications or in controlling industrial processes
• help user to exploit the machine’s ability to process both continuous & discrete data

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FUNCTIONALITY: GENERAL PURPOSE
• Multipurpose computer capable of solving a wide range of problems (task)
• Can be used in and various aspect like drawing, typing, calculating, designing multi-media
functions, playing games etc.
• E.g.: desktop computer, laptop, mini tower computer, etc.

FUNCTIONALITY: SPECIAL PURPOSE

• dedicated computers designed solely for the purpose for solving a particular problem
• lack of versatility as it cannot be used to perform other operations
• E.g.: road traffic light control, calculator’s robots (robotic), counting machine, etc

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SIZE: MICRO
• known as Grandchild computer
• smallest computer system (size ranges from calculator – desktop size)
• CPU is microprocessor
• E.g.: PC, laptop, notebook, tablet, game consoles

SIZE: MINI
• known as Child computer or mid-range computer
• generally more powerful & useful compared to micro computer
• E.g.: network servers, departmental systems, work group system

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 SIZE: MAINFRAME
• known as Father computer or Super computer
• offer faster processing & greater storage capacity
• cables run from the computer to the different location (office) where the computer
will be used, or known as terminals, where a monitor & keyboard (known as consoles)
will be connected there
• E.g.: host computer, central data base server

SIZE: SUPER
• known as Grandfather computer
• designed for scientific or engineering job
• fastest & expensive
• contains a number of CPU which operate in parallel to make it faster
• E.g. weather forecasting, artificial intelligence, R&D, etc All rights Reserved by IIMAT