BLOOD

TRANSFUSION

Tristeza, Maricon Grace

Seronda, Czarina
Serviano, Sarah Jean
Sarino, Risah Mae
DEFINITION
 Blood transfusion is the process of transferring
blood or blood-based products from one person
into the circulatory system of another. Blood
transfusions can be life-saving in some situations,
such as massive blood loss due to trauma, or can
be used to replace blood lost during surgery.
Blood transfusions may also be used to treat a
severe anaemia or thrombocytopenia caused by a
blood disease. People suffering from hemophilia
or sickle-cell disease may require frequent blood
transfusions. Early transfusions used whole blood,
but modern medical practice commonly uses only
components of the blood.
COMPATIBILITY

Type A Type B Type AB Type O

Antigens
present on None
RBCs A B AB (Universal
Donor)
Agglutinogen

Antibodies
present in None
plasma Anti- B Anti-A (Universal Anti – A
Recipient) and Anti-B
Agglutinin
TRANSFUSION TRANSMITTED
INFECTIONS
 HIV-1 and HIV-2  Malaria
 Human T-  Chagas Disease
lymphotropic virus  variant Creutzfeldt-J
(HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) akob Disease
 Hepatitis C virus or "Mad Cow
(responsible for >90% Disease" has been
of post-transfusion shown to be
hepatitis) transmissible in
 Hepatitis B blood products. No
test exists for this,
 Treponema pallidum but various measures
have been taken to
reduce risks.
PROCESSING OF BLOOD PRIOR
TO TRANSFUSION
 Component separation
-RBC
-Plasma
-platelets
 Leukoreduction

 Leukodepletion
- removal of WBC
- less likely to cause alloimmunization
-less likely to cause febrile transfusion
reactions
PREPARING BLOOD
COMPONENTS
 Platelet rich plasma – centrifuged
 Shelf life: 5 days
 Stored @ room Temp and rocked
gently
 Hemapheresis
 cell separator collects only the part
of the blood that is needed by the
patient and the rest of the blood is
returned to the donor
BLOOD COMPONENTS
Erythrocytes/RBC
 Biconcave disc; no
nucleus
 Carry oxygen
 1 RBC = 300
hemoglobin
 Life span: 120 days

Red blood cells

WHITE BLOOD CELLS
 Leukocytes
 Larger than RBC
 With nucleus
 Fxn: inflammation,
allergic reaction
and parasitic
infection
PLATELETS
 Thrombocytes
 Fragments of
megakaryocytes
 Life span: 5-9 days
 Fxn: hemostasis
 Prevention of blood
loss
PLASMA
 Composition:
 Water: 91%
 Plasma CHONS

~albumin
~globulin
 Clotting factors

~prothrombin
~fibrinogen
Fxn: transport system
Yellowish fluid: plasma
SAFETY OF BLOOD
TRANSFUSIONS
Donor Screening and Testing for Carriers of
Collection Infectious Disease
 Safety of blood  12 tests of 7
supply infectious dses.
 Reduce risk of viral  Antibody testing
dses.  Nucleic acid testing
 Medical history and
physical exam
TYPES OF TRANSFUSION

Transfusion of Red
Cells
 used to treat low red
cell counts
S/Sx
 Weakness
 Lethargy
 SOB
 Rapid heartbeat
TYPES OF TRANSFUSION
Transfusion of
Platelets
 given to prevent or to
treat bleeding due to
severely low platelet
counts
(thrombocytopenia)

Thrombocytopenic purpura
TYPES OF TRANSFUSION
Transfusion of Transfusion of Plasma
Granulocytes and Cryoprecipitate
 For patients who has  to patients who have
few or no circulating abnormal or low
white cells may levels of blood
develop an infection clotting proteins, such
that does not respond as in hemophilia
to antibiotics  Abnormal clotting
TYPES OF TRANSFUSION
Use of Intravenous Transfusion of Albumin
Gamma Globulin  transfusion of the
 given to patients with most common human
hematologic diseases blood protein,
to supplement low albumin, is needed in
levels, such as in patients who have
patients undergoing severe liver
stem cell transplants malfunction
 Common in Chronic
lymphocytic anemia
RISKS TO THE RECIPIENT
 febrile non-hemolytic  acute respiratory
transfusion reaction distress
 chills, headache,  non-cardiogenic
backache, dyspnea, pulmonary edema
cyanosis, chest pain,
tachycardia and
 anaphylactic reaction
s
hypotension.
 Sepsis
 viral infection
 Transfusion-associated
acute lung injury
DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Alloantibody  Dilution Coagulopathy
 Allogeneic Blood  Febrile non-hemolytic
 Alloimmunization transfusion reactions
(FNHTR)
 Antibodies
 Antigens
 Neonatal Isoimmune
Thrombocytopenia
 Autologous Blood  Platelet Transfusion
 Creutzfeldt-Jakob Refractoriness
Disease (CJD)  Purpura
 Cytomegalovirus
(CMV)
COMPLICATIONS OF BLOOD
TRANSFUSIONS
Reactions That Damage febrile reactions
or Destroy Red Cells  90%
 hemolytic transfusion  Chills
reaction  SOB
 Drop in BP
 fever reaction is
 Bleeding
most commonly
 Kidney damage caused by antibodies
to the small number
of white cells mixed
with the red cells
COMPLICATIONS OF BLOOD
TRANSFUSIONS
Reactions That The Patient Makes
Cause Hives Antibodies to the
 Aka urticaria Donor’s Blood
 Possibly due to  ABO and Rh

allergic reaction  alloimmunization

 Treated with
antihistamine
COMPLICATIONS OF BLOOD
TRANSFUSIONS
Transmission of Transmission of
Cytomegalovirus
Viral Infections (CMV)
 “window  virus resides in white

period” cells
 leukemia
 HIV
 antibody negative
 Hepa donors.
  may cause
pneumonia
COMPLICATIONS OF BLOOD
TRANSFUSIONS
Transmission of Graft Versus Host
Bacterial Infection Disease (GVHD)
 Common in RBC
 Donor’s WBC
transfusions
attack recipient
Factors:
 Skin, liver, bowel,
 Sterile system
 Donor’s blood marrow
 immunosupression
Platelets at room temp
COMPLICATIONS OF BLOOD
TRANSFUSIONS
Effect on a Patient’s and platelets, which aid
Immune System in blood clotting.
 Immunomodulation  Lymphoma-
 Leukemia-cancer that cancers that arise in
affect blood cells, the lymphatic system,
including oxygen- body tissues that fight
carrying red cells; infection and perform
certain infection- several other vital
fighting white cells, functions in the body
such as granulocytes,  Myeloma
macrophages and
lymphocytes;