Symposium Ethics and Robotics

Symposium
Ethics and Robotics

University of Tsukuba Japan
October 3, 2009
Ethics and Robotics
An Intercultural Perspective
Rafael Capurro
Steinbeis Transfer Institute – Information Ethics
http://sti-ie.de
Germany
Last update: July 13, 2009

R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics 3
Content
• Introduction
• EU Project ETHICBOTS (2005-2008)
http://ethicbots.na.infn.it/index.php
• Wallach & Allen on Moral Machines
• Isaac Asimov Three Laws of Robotics
• Korean Robot Ethics Charter
• European Robotics Research Network (EURON)
• Roboethics
• AAAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics
• Workshop on Roboethics, ICRA 2009, Kobe, May 2009
• ECAP (European Computing and Philosophy) 2007
• SPT (Society for Philosophy and Technology) 2009
• Machine Ethics Consortium
• AP-CAP 2009
• Being-in-the-world with robots

Introduction
“Ethics and robotics are two academic disciplines,
one dealing with the moral norms and values
underlying implicitly or explicitly human
behaviour
and the other aiming at the production of artificial
agents, mostly as physical devices, with some
degree of autonomy based on rules and
programmes set up by their creators.”
(Capurro/Nagenborg 2009)

Introduction
“Since the first robots arrived on the stage in
the play by Karel Čapek (1921) visions of
a world inhabited by humans and robots
gave rise to countless utopian and
dystopian stories, songs, movies, and
video games.”

Karel Capek: R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)
(1922)

Introduction
“Robots are and will remain in the
foreseeable future dependent on human
ethical scrutiny as well as on the moral
and legal responsibility of humans.”

Introduction
“Human-robot interaction raises serious
ethical questions right now that are
theoretically less ambitious but practically
more important than the possibility of the
creation of moral machines that would be
more than machines with an ethical code.”

ETHICBOTS
EU Project ETHICBOTS on “Emerging Technoethics of Human
Interaction with Communication, Bionic and Robotic Systems”
(2005-2008).
The project aimed at identifying crucial ethical issues in these areas

such as
• the preservation of human identity, and integrity;
• applications of precautionary principles;
• economic and social discrimination;
• artificial system autonomy and accountability;
• responsibilities for (possibly unintended) warfare applications;
• nature and impact of human-machine cognitive and affective bonds
on individuals and society.

ETHICBOTS
Following issues were analyzed:
• (a) Human-softbot integration, as achieved by AI
research on information and communication
technologies;
• (b) Human-robot, non-invasive integration, as
achieved by robotic research on autonomous
systems inhabiting human environments;
• (c) Physical, invasive integration, as achieved by
bionic research.

ETHICBOTS

Ethics and Robotics
R. Capurro and M. Nagenborg (Eds.): Ethics and Robotics. Heidelberg:
Akad.Verlagsgesellschaft 2009 (ISBN 978-3-89838-087-4 (AKA) and
978-1-60750-008-7 (IOS Press)
P. M. Asaro: What should We Want from a Robot Ethic?
G. Tamburrini: Robot Ethics: A View from the Philosophy of Science
B. Becker: Social Robots - Emotional Agents: Some Remarks on
Naturalizing Man-machine Interaction
E. Datteri, G. Tamburrini: Ethical Reflections on Health Care Robotics
P. Lin, G. Bekey, K. Abney: Robots in War: Issues of Risk and Ethics
J. Altmann: Preventive Arms Control for Uninhabited Military Vehicles
J. Weber: Robotic warfare, Human Rights & The Rhetorics of Ethical
Machines
T. Nishida: Towards Robots with Good Will
R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

Wallach & Allen on Moral Machines
http://moralmachines.blogspot.com/ (Oxford Univ. Press 2009)

Wallach & Allen
„Three questions emerge naturally from the

discussion so far. Does the world need
AMAs? Do people want computers making
moral decisions? And if people believe
that computers making moral decisions
are necessary or inevitable, how should
engineers and philosophers proceed to
design AMAs?“(Introd.)

Wallach & Allen
• „We take the instrumental approach that

while full-blown moral agency may be
beyond the current or future technology,
there is nevertheless much space between
operational morality and “genuine” moral
agency. This is the niche we identified as
functional morality in chapter 2.“(Introd.)

Wallach & Allen
„The top-down and bottom-up approaches

emphasize the importance in ethics of the
ability to reason. However, much of the
recent empirical literature on moral
psychology emphasizes faculties besides
rationality.

Wallach & Allen
Emotions, sociability, semantic

understanding, and consciousness are all
important to human moral decision
making, but it remains an open question
whether these will be essential to AMAs,
and if so, whether they can be
implemented in machines.“ (Introd.)

Wallach & Allen
„The field of machine morality extends the

field of computer ethics beyond concern
for what people do with their computers to
questions about what the machines do by
themselves. (In this book we will use the
terms ethics and morality
interchangeably.) We are discussing the
technological issues involved in making
computers themselves into explicit moral
reasoners.“ (Introd.)
Isaac Asimov: Three Laws of Robotics (1940)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics
• A robot may not injure a human being or,

through inaction, allow a human being to
come to harm
• A robot must obey orders given it by
human beings except where such orders
would conflict with the First Law
• A robot must protect its own existence as
long as such protection does not conflict
with the First or Second Law

Superman-mechanical-monster
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Superman-mechanical-monster.jpg

Korean Robot Ethics Charter
See: Shim (2007)

European Robotics Research Network
(EURON)
http://www.euron.org/

EURON: Roboethics Atelier

ROBOETHICS
http://www.roboethics.org/

EURON Roboethics Roadmap
Roboethics (this term was coined in 2002 by G. Veruggio)
taxonomy:
• Humanoids
• Advanced production systems
• Adaptive robot servants and intelligent homes
• Network Robotics
• Outdoor Robotics
• Health Care and Life Quality
• Military Robotics
• Edutainment
See: http://www.roboethics.org/atelier2006/docs/ROBOETHICS%20ROADMAP%20Rel2.1.1.pdf

Ethical issues shared by Roboethics and
Information Ethics:
• Dual-use technology
• Anthropomorphization of the Machines
• Humanisation of the Human/Machine relationship
• Technology Addiction
• Digital Divide
• Fair Access to technological resources
• Effects of technology on the global distribution of wealth
and power
• Environmental impact of technology
See:http://www.roboethics.org/atelier2006/docs/ROBOETHICS%20ROADMAP
%20Rel2.1.1.pdf

Principles to be followed in roboethics
• Human dignity and human rights
• Equality, justice and equity
• Benefit and harm
• Respect for cultural diversity and pluralism
• Non-Discrimination and non-stigmatization
• Autonomy and individual responsibility
• Informed consent
• Privacy
• Confidentiality
• Solidarity and cooperation
• Social responsibility
• Sharing of benefits
• Responsibility towards the biosphere
See: http://www.roboethics.org/atelier2006/docs/ROBOETHICS%20ROADMAP%20Rel2.1.1.pdf

AAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics
AAAI Fall 2005 Symposium on Machine

Ethics
November 3-6, 2005
Hyatt Regency Crystal City
Arlington, Virginia

AAAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics
Past research concerning the relationship

between technology and ethics has largely
focused on responsible and irresponsible
use of technology by human beings, with a
few people being interested in how human
beings ought to treat machines. In all
cases, only human beings have engaged
in ethical reasoning. The time has come
for adding an ethical dimension to at least
some machines.
Recognition of the ethical ramifications of

behavior involving machines, as well as
recent and potential developments in
machine autonomy, necessitates this. In
contrast to computer hacking, software
property issues, privacy issues and other
topics normally ascribed to computer
ethics, machine ethics is concerned with
the behavior of machines towards human
users and other machines.
We contend that research in machine ethics

is key to alleviating concerns with
autonomous systems—it could be argued
that the notion of autonomous machines
without such a dimension is at the root of
all fear concerning machine intelligence.

Further, investigation of machine ethics

could enable the discovery of problems
with current ethical theories, advancing
our thinking about ethics. We intend to
bring together interested participants from
a wide variety of disciplines to the end of
forging a set of common goals for machine
ethics investigation and the research
agendas required to accomplish them.
Topics of interest include, but are not

restricted to the following:
• Improvement of interaction between
artificially and naturally intelligent systems
through the addition of an ethical
dimension to artificially intelligent systems
• Enhancement of machine-machine
communication and cooperation through
an ethical dimension

• Design of systems that provide expert guidance

in ethical matters
• Deeper understanding of ethical theories
through computational simulation
• Development of decision procedures for ethical
theories that have multiple prima facie duties
• Computability of ethics
• Theoretical and practical objections to machine
ethics
• Impact of machine ethics on society

Workshop on Roboethics
ICRA 2009, Kobe, May 2009

Workshop on Roboethics
ICRA 2009, Kobe, May 2009
Topics (CfP):
• Social (Robotics and job market; Cost benefit analysis
etc.)
• Psychological (Robots and kids; Robots and elderly, etc.)
• Legal (Robots and liability, Identification of autonomously
acting robots etc.)
• Medical (Robots in health care and prosthesis etc.)
• Warfare application of robotics (Responsibility,
International Conventiuons and Laws etc.)
• Environment (Cleaning nuclear and toxic waste, Using
renewable energies, etc.)

ECAP 07
http://www.roboethics.org/ecap2007/programme.html
European Computing and Philosophy Conference,

Enschede, The Netherlands, 2007: Philosophy and
Ethics of Robotics
• G. Veruggio: Roboethics: an interdisciplinary approach to
the social implications of Robotics
• Ishii Kayoko: Can a Robot Intentionally Conduct Mutual
Interactions with Human Being?
• Ronald C. Arkin: On the Ethical Quandaries of Practicing
Roboticist: A First Hand Look

ECAP 07
http://www.roboethics.org/ecap2007/programme.html
• Jutta Weber: Analysing Material, Semiotic and Socio-

Political Dimensions of Artificial Agents
• Daniel Persson: Ethics of Intelligent Systems – Artefacts,
Producers and Users
• Merel Noorman: Exploring the Limits to the Autonomy of
Artificial Agents
• Susana Nascimento: Autonomous Anthropomorphisms:
Robot Narratives and Critical Social Theries
• Peter Asaro: How Just Could A Robot War Be?
• Edward H. Spence: Robot Rights: The Moral Life of
Androids

Society for Philosophy and Technology
(SPT), 2009 (Track 10)
http://www.utwente.nl/ceptes/spt2009/
• Mark Coeckelbergh: Living with Robots

• Aimee van Wynsberghe: What Care Robots say
about Care
• Susana Nascimento: Self-operating Machines
and (Dis)engagement in Human Technical
Actions
• Allan Hanson: Beyond the Skin Bag: On the
Moral Responsibility of Extended Agencies
• Scott Sehon: Robots and Free will

Society for Philosophy and Technology
(SPT), 2009
• Peter Asaro: The Convergence of Video Games
& Military Robotics
• Martinjntje Smits: Social Robots: How to bridge
the Gap Between Fantasies and Practices?
• Helena De Preester: The (Im)possibilities of
Reembodiment
• Guido Nicolosi: Restless Creatures
• Gianmarco Veruggio: Ethical, Legal and Societal
Issues in the Strategic Agenda for Robotics in
Europe

Machine Ethics Consortium
http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html

About Machine Ethics Consortium

Machine Ethics is concerned with the behavior of
machines towards human users and other machines.
Allowing machine intelligence to effect change in the
world can be dangerous without some restraint. Machine
Ethics involves adding an ethical dimension to machines
to achieve this restraint. Further, machine intelligence
can be harnessed to develop and test the very theory
needed to build machines that will be ethically sensitive.
Thus, machine ethics has the additional benefits of
assisting human beings in ethical decision-making and,
more generally, advancing the development of ethical
theory.

Projects
EthEl: An Ethical Eldercare System
Eldercare is a domain where we believe
that, with proper ethical considerations
incorporated, machine intelligence can be
harnessed to aid an increasingly aging
human population, with an expectation of
a shortage of human caretakers in the
future.

We believe, further, that this domain is rich

enough in which to explore most issues
involved in general ethical decision-
making for both machines and human
beings. EthEl (ETHical ELdercare
system) is a prototype system in the
domain of eldercare that takes ethical
concerns into consideration when
reminding a patient to take his/her
medication.
EthEl must decide when to accept a patient’s

refusal to take a medication that might prevent
harm and/or provide benefit to the patient and
when to notify the overseer. There is a further
ethical dimension that is implicitly addressed by
the system: In not notifying the overseer – most
likely a doctor – until absolutely necessary, the
doctor will be able to spend more time with other
patients who could be benefited, or avoid harm,
as a result of the doctor’s attending to their
medical needs.

We believe that EthEl is the first system to use an

explicit ethical principle to guide its actions.
• Dr. Michael Anderson
Department of Computer Science
University of Hartford
West Hartford, CT 06117
• Dr. Susan Leigh Anderson
Department of Philosophy
University of Connecticut
Stamford, CT 06901

Implementing Ethical Advisors
In order to add an ethical dimension to machines, we need

to have an ethical theory that can be implemented.
Looking to Philosophy for guidance, we find that ethical
decision-making is not an easy task. It requires finding a
single principle or set of principles to guide our behavior
with which experts in Ethics are satisfied and will likely
involve generalizing from intuitions about particular
cases, testing those generalizations on other cases and,
above all, making sure that principles generated are
consistent with one another.

We are developing prototype systems based upon action-based ethical

theories that provide guidance in ethical decision-making according
to the precepts of their respective theories— Jeremy , based upon
Bentham's Hedonistic Act Utilitarianism, W.D., based upon Ross'
Theory of Prima Facie Duties, and MedEthEx, based upon
Beauchamp's and Childress' Principles of Biomedical Ethics.
MedEthEx (see online demo) uses an ethical principle discovered
via machine learning techniques to give advice in a particular type of
ethical dilemma in medical ethics.
Dr. Michael Anderson

Peter Larson
University of Hartford
West Hartford, CT 06117

Machine Ethics Research Group

We are working on advancing Ethical Theory by making ethics precise
enough to be programmed. We are, also, working on the problem of
developing a decision procedure for determining the correct action
in a multiple duty ethical theory such as W.D. Ross' Theory of Prima
Facie Duties. Since we believe that such a decision procedure will
come from abstracting from intuitions about particular cases, we are
developing a database of ethical dilemmas and analyzing them
according to Ross' theory.
Dr. Susan Leigh Anderson
Rachel Brody
Viktoriya Gelfand
Ayelet Saul
Department of Philosophy
University of Connecticut
Stamford, CT 06901
• ISP Machine Ethics Project

This work involves elements of algorithms,

AI and philosophy. We are exploring the
implementation of various ethical theories,
with dual purposes: (1) To shed new light
on these theories, which is of particular
interest to philosophers, and (2) To begin
to address the need for an ethical
dimension in software that is becoming
increasingly autonomous.
The project at hand for an ISP student is to

research existing and proposed software
systems, particularly in the biomedical field, in
order to identify the degree of autonomy
achieved and hence the potential ethical
component.
Dr. Chris Armen
Nick Bazin
Jonathan Boreyko
Trinity College, Hartford, CT

AP-CAP 2009
http://bentham.k2.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ap-cap09/
• Hiroshi Ishiguro: "Developing androids and understanding humans"

• Carl Shulman, Nick Tarleton, and Henrik Jonsson Which
Consequentialism? Machine Ethics and Moral Divergence
• Kimura Takeshi: Introducing Roboethics to Japanese Society: A
Proposal
• Carl Shulman, Enrik Johnsson, and Nick Tarleton: Machine Ethics
and Supertintelligence
• Soraj Hongladarom: An Ethical Theory for Autonomous and
Conscious Robots
• Keitz Miller, Frances Grodzinsky, Marty Wolf: Why Turin Shoudn’t
Have to Guess
• Gene Rohrbaugh: On the Design of Moral and Amoral Agents

Being-in-the-world with robots
We should analyze
• how robots are “in” the world in
comparison to humans as well as to other
living and non-living beings.
• what does it mean for us to be “with”
robots in contrast to our being “with” other
human beings as well as with other living
and non-living beings.

• „One major difference between a
„program“ and an „agent“ is, that programs
are designed as tools to be used by
human beings, while „agents“ are
designed to interact as partners with
human beings.“ (Nagenborg 2007, 2)

• „An AMA [artificial moral agent, RC] is an AA
[artificial agent, RC] guided by norms which we
as human beings consider to have a moral
content.“ (Nagenborg 2007, 3)
• „Agents may be guided by a set of moral norms,
which the agent itself may not change, or they
are capable of creating and modifying rules by
themselves.“ (Nagenborg 2007, 3)

• „Thus, there must be questioning about
what kind of „morality“ will be fostered by
AMAs, especially since now norms and
values are to be embedded
consciouslyinto the „ethical subroutines“.
Will they be guided by „universal values“,
or will they be guided by specific Western
or African concepts.“ (Nagenborg 2007, 3)

• „The concepts of autonomy, learning,
decision etc. are analogies of the human
agent deprived of its historical, political,
societal, bodily and existential
dimensions.“ (Capurro 2009)

„An ‘implanted’ morality in form of a moral
code programmed in a microprocessor
has nothing in common with the capacity
of practical reflexion even in case there is
a feed-back that mimicry (human)
theoretical and/or practical reason. The
evaluation and ‘decisions’ coming out of
such programmes remain lastly dependent
on the programmer himself.“ (Capurro
2009)
„It is cynical to speculate, and to spend public
funds, on the supposed creation of artificial
agents towards whom we would be morally (and
legally) responsible (and vice versa!) given the
present situation of some six billion human
beings on this planet and the lack of such
responsibility towards them. We might say that
artificial agents are only prima facie agents.
They are basically patients of human moral (and
technical) agency.“ (Capurro 2009)

„In contrast, the question of what kind of
transformation is being operated in human
societies when millions (and soon also
billions) of human beings interact in digital
networks that are interwoven with their
bodies is highly relevant today and in the
future.“ (Capurro 2009)

„There is a common ground or a common
life, so to speak, a basic interrelationship
between all living beings, not dissimilar to
what Kant writes that we are originally
owners of the common earth. This original
ownership can be reversed: natural and/or
artificial beings are ‘owned’ originally by
nature. Nature owns us.“ (Capurro 2009)

„ICT and biotechnology invite us to re-invent
ourselves “practically” as moral agents and
patients, not only “poietically” as technical ones,
in an interplay with nature and technology
becoming more and more aware of the
interrelationship of all things, living and non
living ones which is a key insight of Buddhist
thinking. This kind of practical thinking on what
can be good for our lives “as a whole” was called
by Aristotle “practical philosophy” and by Kant
“practical reason.” (Capurro 2009)

“What is it like to be a robot? Wittgenstein’s
famous dictum that “if a lion could speak,
we would not understand him”
(Wittgenstein, 1984, p. 568) points to the
issue, that human language is rooted in
what he calls “forms of life.” Humans and
lions have orthogonal forms of life, i.e.,
they construct their reality based on
systemic differences. What is it like to be a
human?” (Capurro & Nagenborg 2009)
“Intercultural roboethics is still in its infancy
no less than intercultural robotics.“
(Capurro & Nagenborg 2009)

Ethics and Robots: East and West
Rougly speaking:
• Europe: Deontology (Autonomy, Human
Dignity, Privacy, Anthropocentrism):
Scepticism with regard to robots
• USA (and anglo-saxon tradition): Utilitarian
Ethics: will robots make „us“ more happy?
• Eastern Tradition (Buddhism): Robots as
one more partner in the global interaction
of things
• Morality and Ethics:

– Ethics as critical reflection (or
problematization) of morality
– Ethics is the science of morals as robotics is
the science of robots

• Different ontic or concrete historical moral

traditions, for instance
– in Japan: Seken (trad. Japanese morality),
Shakai (imported Western morality) and Ikai
(old animistic tradition)
– In the „Far West“: Ethics of the Good (Plato,
Aristotle), Christian Ethics, Utilitarian Ethics,
Deontological Ethics (Kant)

• Ontological dimension: Being or (Buddhist)
Nothingness as the space of open
possibilities that allow us to critizise ontic
moralities
• Always related to basic moods (like
sadness, happiness, astonishment, …)
through which the uniqueness of the world
and human existence is experienced
(differently in different cultures)

A future intercultural ethics of robots

(IER) should reflect on the ontic and
ontological dimensions of creating
and using robots in different cultural
contexts and with regard to different
goals.

Bibliography
AP-CAP 2009: 5th Asia-Pacific Computing & Philosophy Conference

http://bentham.k2.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ap-cap09/program.php
Anderson, Michael & Anderson, Susan Leigh: Machine ethics: Creating
an ethical intelligent agent. AI Magazine | December 22, 2007.
Capurro, Rafael (2009). Towards a Comparative Theory of Agents
http://www.capurro.de/agents.html
Capurro, Rafael and Nagenborg, Michael (Eds.) (2009), Introduction.
In: ibid.: Ethics and Robotics. Berlin: Akademische
Verlagsgesellschaft (in print).
Capurro, Rafael: Ethics and Robotics (2007) http
://www.capurro.de/ethicsandrobotics.html
Cerqui, Daniela; Weber, Jutta; Weber, Karsten (Guest Editors) (2006):
Ethics in Robotics, International Review of Information Ethics
http://www.i-r-i-e.net/issue6.htm

Bibliography
ETHICBOTS (2009). http://ethicbots.na.infn.it/index.php
Gates, Bill (2007). Roboter für jedermann
http://www.spektrum.de/artikel/864268
Floridi, L. and Sanders, J.W. (2004). On the Morality of Artificial
Agents. In: Minds and Machines, 14, 3, 349-379.
http://www.wolfson.ox.ac.uk/~floridi/pdf/maa.pdf
Nagenborg, Michael (2007). Artificial moral agents: an intercultural
perspective. In: International Review of Inforamtion Ethics:
http://www.i-r-i-e.net/inhalt/007/13-nagenborg.pdf
Shim, H.B. (2007). Establishing a Korean Robot Ethics Charter.
http://www.roboethics.org/icra2007/contributions/slides/Shim_icra
%2007_ppt.pdf
Veruggio, Gianmarco & Operto, Fiorella: Roboethics: Social and Ethical
Implications. In: Bruno Siciliano & Oussama Khatib (Eds.):
Handbook of Robotics. Springer 2008, Part G, pp. 1499-1524.

Bibliography
• Veruggio, Gianmarco (2006): EURON Roboethics
Roadmap.
http://www.roboethics.org/atelier2006/docs/ROBOETHIC
S%20ROADMAP%20Rel2.1.1.pdf
• Wallach, Wendell & Allen, Colin (2009). Moral Machines:
Teaching Robots Right from Wrong. Oxford University
Press.
http://moralmachines.blogspot.com/2008/10/moral-
machines-introduction.html

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Symposium

Ethics and Robotics

Last update: July 13, 2009

R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics 4

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The project aimed at identifying crucial ethical issues in these areas

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„Three questions emerge naturally from the

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• „We take the instrumental approach that

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„The top-down and bottom-up approaches

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Emotions, sociability, semantic

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„The field of machine morality extends the

• A robot may not injure a human being or,

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AAAI Fall 2005 Symposium on Machine

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Past research concerning the relationship

Recognition of the ethical ramifications of

We contend that research in machine ethics

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Further, investigation of machine ethics

Topics of interest include, but are not

R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics 35

• Design of systems that provide expert guidance

R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics 36

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European Computing and Philosophy Conference,

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• Jutta Weber: Analysing Material, Semiotic and Socio-

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• Mark Coeckelbergh: Living with Robots

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About Machine Ethics Consortium

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We believe, further, that this domain is rich

EthEl must decide when to accept a patient’s

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We believe that EthEl is the first system to use an

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