Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics: Background Knowledge
Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics: Background Knowledge
Introduction
• When does one need to use LEFM and EPFM?
• What is the concept of small-scale and large-scale yielding?
Background Knowledge
• Theory of Plasticity (Yield criteria, Hardening rules)
• Concept of K, G and K-dominated regions
• Plastic zone size due to Irwin and Dugdal
We noted that when a far field stress acts on an edge crack of width “a” then
for mode I, plane strain case
L
M
3 O
2 P
1 sin( ) sin( )
R
| U
| M 2
P
M 3 P
xx
KI
S
|
yy V
|
2r
cos 1 sin(
2 M 2
) sin(
2 P
)
T xy W M
M 3
P
P
M
sin(
N 2 ) sin(
2
)
P
Q
zz 0 for plane stress; zz ( xx yy ) for plane strain
L
O
r M2 2 P
2
R
u UK
S V
x I
cos
M
( k 1 2 sin ( ))
P
T W2
u 2 M P
y
sin (k 1 2 cos ( )) 2
M
N 2 2 PQ
LEFM cont.
For =0
R
|S U
|V L
1O
xx
K I M
M
1 P
P
|T
yy
xy
|W 2r M
0P
N Q
Singularity dominated region
For = , all ij 0
2
LEFM concepts are valid if the plastic zone is much smaller than the singularity zones.
1 KI 2
Irwin estimates rp ( )
2 ys
1 KI 2
Dugdale strip yield model: rp ( )
8 ys
KI 1
ASTM: a,B, W-a 2.5 ( )2 , i.e. rp of specimen dimension.
ys 50
EPFM
• In EPFM, the crack tip undergoes significant plasticity as seen in the following diagram.
sharp tip
Blunt tip
(a) Crack opening displacement (COD) or crack tip opening displacement (CTOD).
(b) J-integral.
• Both these parameters give geometry independent measure of fracture toughness.
y
x
Sharp crack
ds
Blunting crack
EPFM cont.
• Wells discovered that Kic measurements in structural steels required very large thicknesses for
LEFM condition.
--- Crack face moved away prior to fracture.
--- Plastic deformation blunted the sharp crack.
K I2
4
2u y
2ys E
3
Note: k and E 2 (1 )
Sharp crack 1
4 G 2
Blunting crack CTOD K
since G I
ys E
• Irwin showed that crack tip plasticity makes the crack behave as if it were longer, say from size a to a + rp
1 KI
rp ( )2 -----plane stress
2 ys
From Table 2.2, KI r
uy sin( )[ k 1 2 cos 2 ( )]
2 2 2 2
k 1 ry a ry
Set = , uy KI
2 2
CTOD and strain-energy release rate
4 G
• Equation CTOD relates CTOD ( ) to G for small-scale yielding. Wells proved that
ys
Can valid even for large scale yielding, and is later shown to be related to J.
• can also be analyzed using Dugdales strip yield model. If “ ” is the opening at the end of the strip.
1 2
If ys
0 ( ys ), then =
K 2I
G
ys E ys
, and can be given as:
K I2
ys E
[1 (
6 2 ys
) ]
Sharp crack
Blunting crack
Blunting crack
Displacement at the original crack tip Displacement at 900 line intersection, suggested by Rice
CTOD measurement using three-point bend specimen displacement
Vp
z
p
a
r p( W
- a) expanding
W
'
P
'
rp (W a)Vp
pl '
rp (W a) a z
Elastic-plastic analysis of three-point bend specimen
rp (W a)Vp
loa d
K I2 V,P
el pl
m ys E rp (W a) a z
K I2 (1 2 ) rp (W a)Vp
el pl
2 ys E rp (W a) a z
P a
KI is given by KI f( )
B W W
CTOD analysis using ASTM standards
loa d
Pc Pu Pm
Pi
Pi
fracture fracture
Mouth opening
Figure (a). Fracture mechanism is purely cleavage, and critical CTOD c <0.2mm, stable crack growth,
(lower transition).
Figure (b). i --- CTOD corresponding to initiation of stable crack growth.
u --- Stable crack growth prior to fracture.(upper transition of fracture steels).
Figure (c) i and then m---CTOD at the maximum load plateau (case of raising R-curve).
More on CTOD
K I2 J
COD or
yE y
The derivative is based on Dugdale’s strip yield model. For
Strain hardening materials, based on HRR singular field.
n
J n1 1
ui y r ui , n
n 1
y y I n
By setting =0 and n the strain hardening index based on
n 1
y 3 e ij
y 2 y y
*Definition of COD is arbitrary since u y x,0 u y x,0
1
A function x
n1 as the tip is approached
*Based on another definition, COD is the distance between upper
and lower crack faces between two 45o lines from the tip. With this
Definition J
d
COD n
y
Where d n d n , y , n ranging from 0.3 to 0.8 as n is varied from
3 to 13 (Shih, 1981)
• By idealizing elastic-plastic deformation as non-linear elastic, Rice proposed J-integral, for regions
beyond LEFM.
• In loading path elastic-plastic can be modeled as non-linear elastic but not in unloading part.
• Also J-integral uses deformation plasticity. It states that the stress state can be determined knowing
the initial and final configuration. The plastic strain is loading-path independent. True in proportional
load, i.e. d 1 d 2 d 3 d 4 d 5 d 6 k
1 2 3 4 5 6
• under the above conditions, J-integral characterizes the crack tip stress and crack tip strain and
energy release rate uniquely.
• J-integral is numerically equivalent to G for linear elastic material. It is a path-independent integral.
• When the above conditions are not satisfied, J becomes path dependent and does not relates to any
physical quantities
3.2 J-contour Integral, cont.
y
x
ds
z u
J (wdy Ti i ds),
xi
w z 0
ij
ij d ij
x x j
A*
x
w w ij ij
Evaluate ij
x ij x x
w
Note ij is only valid if such a potential function w exists
ij
w 1
Again, ij [ (ui , j ) (uij,,ij )]
x 2 x x
1 ui u j
ij [ ( ) ( )]
2 x j x x i x
Since ij ji
ui
ij ( )
x j x
ij
Recall 0 (equilibrium)
(equilibrium) leads to
leads to
x j
ui ui
ij ( ) ( )
x j x x j x
ij
Evaluation of J Integral ---2
Hence, J * 0. Thus for any closed contour J * 0.
Now consider 2
4
1
3
J J1 J 2 J 3 J 4 0
1 2 3 4
Recall J* z
( wdy t ii
w
x
ds)
y ti
a
x
2D body bounded by '
'
In the absence of body force, potential energy
z z
A'
wdA
''
t i i ui ds
w w i j ui
ij ( )
a ij a x j a
d
Using principle of virtual work, 0 for equilibrium, then from
da
eq.(1), we have
zA'
z ij
(
x j a
ui
) dA
'
t ii
ui
a
ds
da
du
zt z
Thus, d ii i ds dw dA
'
dx
A'
dx
Using divergence theorem and multiplying by -1
d
da
z
'
( wn x t ii
dui
dx
)ds z
'
wdy t ii
w
x
ds
Evaluation of J Integral ---5
d
Therefore, J is energy release rate da
, for linear or non-linear
elastic material
In general U F and J
A
Potential energy; U=strain energy stored; F=work done by
external force and A is the crack area.
p dU * dU
Load
u d
-dP
Displacement
p
U P U * Complementary strain energy = dP
0
Evaluation of J-Integral
dU *
For Load Control J
da p
dU
For Displacement Control J
da
J .dp .dp
a 0 p 0
a p
or
p
J pd .d
a 0 a
K I2
J=G and is more general description of energy release rate J '
E
More on J Dominance
dJ J
and a R
da R
• Note that near tip strain distribution for a growing crack has a
logarithmic singularity which is weaker then 1/r singularity for a
stationary crack
Williams solution to fracture problem
Note will have singularity at the crack tip but is single valued
r 2 p r , q r ,
Note that both p and q satisfy Laplace equations such that
2 p 2 q 0
Now, for the present problem.
cos 0 2Z 1
Case (i) , Z=0,1,2...
2
or,
B1 A
2 1
Case (ii) sin 0 Z B1 A1
Since the problem is linear, any linear combination of the above two will also be
acceptable.
Thus Z2 with Z= ... 3, 2, 1,0,1,2,3...
Though all values are mathematically fine, from the physics point of view, since
ij r and ij r
Williams Singularity…4
U 12 ij ij r 2
2 R
= 1
ij ij rdrd
0 r0 2
r
2A R 2 1
0 r0
drd
U as r0 0, 1 ( 1 makes ˆ ij 0)
Also, ui r r 1 needs > 1. Thus
=- 12 ,0, 12 ,1, 23 , 2... with = Z2 where Z=-1,0,
positive number.
+ r 2 ...
r ...
5
2
and 2
ij A1r ij I ij r 0 ij r
1 1
2
Note the second term in ij ij r 0 is a non-singular
and non-vanishing term. However, higher order vanish as r 0
K
with A1 I
2
KI
ij ij I T ix jx (no sum on x)
2 r
Williams Singularity…5
Now
r A1 cos 2 13 cos 32
3
2
r 2 ...
r ...
5
2
ij A1r ij ij r
12
r
1
I 0
and ij
2
Note the second term in ij ij r 0 is a non-singular
and non-vanishing term. However, higher order vanish as r 0
K
with A1 I
2
KI
ij ij I T ix jx (no sum on x)
2 r
Williams Singularity…6
I
yx yy
2 r yx yy 0 0
I
z
T= yy xx
HRR Singularity…1
Hutchinson, Rice and Rosenbren have evaluated the character of crack tip
in power-law hardening materials.
Suppose the material is represented by Ramberg-Osgood model,
n
0 0 0
0 Reference value of stress=yield strength
0 0 , strain at yield
E
dimensionless constant
n strain-hardening exponent
Note if elastic strains are negligible, then
n
y
y
n 1
ij 3 eq ˆ ij 3
; eq ˆ ij
y 2 ij y 2
HRR Singularity…2
Then
4 f , 0 , r , n,
C1 r s 2 r t (similar to Williams expression)
k 0 r s