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Flexible Pavement Design
Flexible Pavement Design
DESIGN
2
WHAT IS A PAVEMENT?
OR
Highway pavement is a structure
consisting of superimposed layers of
selected and processed materials whose
primary function is to distribute the
applied vehicle load to the sub grade.
OR
It can also be defined as “structure
which separates the tires of vehicles
from the under lying foundation.”
3
WHAT IS A PAVEMENT?
4
FUNCTIONS OF THE
PAVEMENT
Reduce and distribute the traffic loading so
as not to damage the subgrade
– Provide vehicle access between two
points under all-weather conditions
– Provide safe, smooth and comfortable
ride to road users without undue delays and
excessive wear & tear
– Meet environmental and aesthetics
requirement
– Limited noise and air pollution
– Reasonable economy
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REQUIREMENTS OF PAVEMENT
STRUCTURE
Sufficient thickness to spread loading to a pressure
intensity tolerable by subgade
Sufficiently strong to carry imposed stress due to
traffic load
Sufficient thickness to prevent the effect of frost
susceptible subgade
Pavement material should be impervious to
penetration of surface water which could weaken
subgade and subsequently pavement
Pavement mat. shd be non-frost susceptible
Pavement surface shd. be skid resistant
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CLASSIFICATION OF PAVEMENTS
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TYPES OF PAVEMENT
PAVEMENTS
8
FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENTS
150 psi
Wearing C.
Base
Sub-base
3 psi Sub-grade
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Load Distribution in Flexible Pavements
RIGID
PAVEMENTS
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RIGID
PAVEMENTS
12
Load Distribution in Rigid Pavements
PAVEMENTS
COMPARISON
DeepFlexible
foundations / multi layer construction
pavements:
Energy
• consumption due to transportation of
materials
• Increasing cost of asphalt due to high oil
prices •
Rigid pavements
• Single layer
• Generally last longer
• May require asphalt topping due to noise / comfort
issues
13
PAVEMENTS
COMPARISON
• Heavy
vehicles consume less fuel on rigid
pavements
• Rigid
pavements more economic when
considering environmental / life14-cycle costing
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
“A flexible pavement is a
structure that maintains
intimate contact with and
distributes load to the sub
grade and depends on
aggregate interlock, particle
friction and cohesion for
stability”
15
FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT
OR
It is a structure which distributes the
traffic loading stresses to the soil (sub
grade) at a magnitude that will not shear
or distort the soil i.e., from 150 psi to 3 psi
OR
Pavement which reflects deformation of
sub grade & the subsequent layers on to
the surface” i.e.; load is transmitted from
grain to grain through contact points of
granular material, i.e. in a compressive
way. 16
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Flexible pavements
Elastic
Three main layers
Surfacing
Wearing course
Base course
Road base
Sub base
Supported by Sub-grade
17
LOAD DISTRIBUTION IN FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENTS
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STRUCTURE OF FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT
In order to take maximum advantage of
this property, material layers are usually
arranged in order of descending load
bearing capacity with the highest load
bearing capacity material (and most
expensive) on the top and the lowest
load bearing capacity material (and least
expensive) at the bottom.
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STRUCTURE OF FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT
– Surface Course: This is the top layer
and the layer that comes in contact with
traffic.
– Base Course: This is the layer directly
below the surface course and generally
consists of aggregates (either stabilized
or un-stabilized).
– Sub-base Course: This is the layer (or
layers) under the base layer. A sub-
base is not always needed.
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STRUCTURE OF FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT
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SURFACE COURSE
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BASE COURSE
The base course is immediately beneath the surface
course. It provides additional load distribution and
contributes to drainage and frost resistance. Base courses
are usually constructed out of:
Aggregates: Base courses are most typically constructed
from durable aggregates that will not be damaged by
moisture or frost action. Aggregates can be either
stabilized or un-stabilized.
23
Lime rock Base Course Undergoing Fina2l4Grading
SUB-BASE COURSE
The sub-base course is between the base course
and the sub-grade. It functions primarily as
structural support but it can also:
Minimize the intrusion of fines from the sub-grade
into the pavement structure.
Improves drainage.
Minimize frost action damage.
Provides a working platform for construction.
25
SUB-BASE COURSE
The sub-base generally consists of lower quality
materials than the base course but better than the sub-
grade soils.
A sub-base course is not always needed or used.
For example, a pavement constructed over a high
quality, stiff sub-grade may not need the additional
features offered by a sub-base course so it may be
omitted from design.
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SUB-GRADE
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Sub-grade Preparation Sub-grade Failure Crack
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TYPES OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Dense-graded
Open-graded Gap-graded 29
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT – CONSTRUCTION
30
TYPES OF PAVEMENTS
31
TYPES OF PAVEMENTS
32
TYPES OF PAVEMENTS
33
TYPES OF PAVEMENTS
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TYPICAL LOAD DISTRIBUTION IN FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT
Wheel Load
Bituminous Layer
35
Sub-grade
RIGID PAVEMENT
Rigid pavements are those, which contain
sufficient beam strength to be able to bridge
over the localized sub-grade failures and
areas of in adequate support.
OR
Load is transmitted through beam action of
slab in rigid pavements.
OR
Rigid pavements are those, which reduces
the stress concentration and distributes the
reduced stresses uniformly to the area under
the slab.
36
RIGID PAVEMENT
Rigidity – does not deform under stress
Concrete – air entrained increases resistance
to frost damage and de-icing salt corrosion
Reinforcement – may be bars or mesh.
Continuous rigid pavements have heavy
reinforcement
Joints – used in non-continuous pavements to
allow for thermal movement. Includes a ‘filler’
and surface sealant
Rigid pavements – laid as single layer by
‘concrete paver’
37
RIGID
PAVEMENTS
38
BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT
39
CONCRETE PAVER
40
RIGID
PAVEMENTS
41
Load Distribution in Rigid Pavements
RIGID PAVEMENTS
Because of its relative rigidity, the
pavement structure distributes loads over
a wide area with only one, or at most
two, structural layers.
There are other types of surfaces also
i.e.; reinforced, continuously reinforced
etc.
42
STRUCTURE OF RIGID PAVEMENT
43
SURFACE
COURSE
48
SUB-BASE
COURSE
50
TYPES OF RIGID PAVEMENT
Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP)
51
Slipform
Fixed form
52
PAVEMENTS
COMPARISON
DeepFlexible
foundations / multi layer construction
pavements:
Energy
• consumption due to transportation of
materials
• Increasing cost of asphalt due to high oil
prices •
Rigid pavements
• Single layer
• Generally last longer
• May require asphalt topping due to noise / comfort
issues
53
PAVEMENTS COMPARISON
54
TYPES OF PAVEMENT FAILURE
Failure criteria
Flexible Pavements
Fatigue Cracking,
Rutting,
Thermal Cracking,
Rigid Pavements
Fatigue Cracking,
Pumping or Erosion
Others: Faulting, spalling, joint
deterioration
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FLEXIBLE VRS. RIGID
PAVEMENTS
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FLEXIBLE VRS. RIGID
PAVEMENTS
57
AIRPORT-HIGHWAY
PAVEMENTS
58
THANKS
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