CHAPTER 1

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 1
 CHAPTER 1
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION (2hrs)

1.1 Definition of Bridge

1.2 A bridge is key element in a transportation system

1.3 Importance of the Bridge

1.4 Historical perspectives of bridge construction

1.5 Historical development of bridge building in Ethiopia (Assignment No 1)

1.6 Element of Bridge Project

1.7 Objectives of Bridge Design

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 2
 CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definition of Bridge
 Dictionary Meaning
 A bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle.
 The obstacle may be a river, valley, road or railway.
 The passage may be for highway or railway traffic, pedestrian, canal or pipe
line.
 American Association of state Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO)
 A bridge is any structure having an opening not less than 6.1 meter (20ft)
that forms part of a highway or located over or under a highway.
 Opening less than 6.1 meter is a culvert. (pipe, box, slab….)
10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 3
 Continued….
 ERA Bridge Design Manual 2013
 Bridge is a structure with a total clear opening above 6.0 meter.
 A structure with a clear span opening less than 6 meter is a culvert.
 A small bridge is 6-15 m, medium bridge 15-50 m, and a large bridge above
50 m Span length.

Girder Bridge (Small Bridge)

Double Pipe Culvert (Span <2m) Slab Culvert (2m<Span<6m)
10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 4
 Continued….

Temcha Bridge (medium Bridge) Abay River Bridge (Large Bridge)

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 5
 Continued….
1.2 A BRIDGE IS THE KEY ELEMENT IN A TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

 A bridge is a key element in a transportation system for three reasons:

 It likely controls the capacity.

 It is the highest cost per kilo meter .

 If the bridge fails, the system fails.

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 6
 Continued….
1.3 IMPORTANCE OF BRIDGE

 Improvement of environment for emergency care

 Improvement of convenience of public transportation

 Smoothing of physical destruction

 Easy of traffic jam and reduction of a railroad crossing

 For defense mechanism

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 7
 Continued….
1. 2

3 4

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 8
 Continued….
1.3 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
 The history of development of bridges is closely linked with the history of
human civilization.
1 Prehistoric Period
2 Roman Period (70 BC - 476 AD)
3 Middle Age (500 AD - 1500 AD)
4 Inca Civilization (Peru, 1438 - 1533)
5 Renaissance (1400 - 1600)
6 Industrial Revolution (1700 - 1900)
7 Twentieth Century (1900 - 2000)
8 Twenty First (2000 - 2100)

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 9
 Continued….
1 Prehistoric Period
 Bridges were simply logs or bamboo lay over a stream.
 Cannot cross over a wide river.

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 10
 Continued….
2 Roman Period (70 BC – 476 AD)
 Roman discovered natural cement.
 Pozzolana is a loosely coherent volcanic sand found in pozzoli near naples.
 When mixed with lime, hydraulic cement is formed.
 Builder of roman empire built mostly stone arch bridges. Wood was scarce.
 8 stone arch bridges were built, 6 still remain in Rome today.

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 11
 Continued….
3 Middle Ages (500 AD – 1500 AD)
 The bridge building and cement technology was lost after the fall of Roman
Empire. Not much activity for about 1,000 years.
 Bridge were used to control traffic and as means of defense.
 Heavy stone with narrow openings.

Old London Bridge Pont Valentre Bridge France

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 12
 Continued….
4 Inca Civilization (Peru, 1438 – 1533)
 Rope bridge developed.
 This is an early types of suspension bridge.

Pedestrian Rope Bridge Vehicular Rope Bridge

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 13
 Continued….
5 Renaissance (1400– 1600)
 Many of the roman knowledge were rediscovered, including bridge building.
 Truss was first invented but not widely used until later period.

Masonry Bridge Truss Bridge

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 14
 Continued….
6 Industrial Revolution (1700– 1900)
 Iron was first used in bridge in 1750.
 Perfect masonry arch was developed.
 First R. Concrete bridge was built.

 Wood truss bridge was the first kind of

truss structure.
 Several types of truss were developed.

Masonry Bridge

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 15
 Continued….
 King Post truss

 Howe truss

 Queen Post truss

 Burr truss
 Pratt truss

 Long truss
 Lattice truss

 Different Types of truss

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 16
 Continued….

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 17
 Continued….
7 Twentieth Century (1900 – 2000)
 Iron was completely replaced by steel.
 Steel truss bridge was widely used in
early period.
 Prestressed concrete was developed
by fressinet in 1940’s.
 Suspension bridge was popular for
long span bridge.
 Cable styed bridge was first developed.

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 18
 Continued….

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 19
 Continued….
8 Twenty First Century

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 20
 Continued….
1.5 ELEMENTS OF A BRIDGE PROJECT

 The design of bridges requires the collection of extensive data and

from this the selection of possible options.
i) Feasibility Phase:

a) data collection
b) topographical and hydrographical surveys
c) hydrological information
d) geological and geotechnical information

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 21
 Continued….
e) Site investigation requirements for soil and rock evaluation
f) Meteorological and aerodynamic data
g) Assembly of basic criteria
h) Expected budget

ii) Assembly of design criteria:

a) data and properties on the material to be used including steel,

concrete, timber etc.…..

b) foundation considerations

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 22
 Continued….
(c) hydraulic considerations, flood, scour;
(d) loading and design criteria;
(e) clearance height and width (such as for
navigation or traffic);
(f) functional requirements;
(g) highway and/or railway engineering aspects;
(h) drainage requirements;

(k) hazards such as impact, accident;

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 23
 Continued….
(l) proximity to other engineering works

(m) provision for services (water, sewage, power, electricity, telephone,

communications links)
(n) design life and durability considerations

iii) Design phase:

(a) choice of bridge
(b) detailed design of bridge including foundations, substructure and

superstructure
10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 24
 Continued….
(c) production of drawings and documentation
(d) preparation of quality assurance plan
(e) estimation of cost and program

iv) Construction phase:

(a) contractual matters
(b) construction methods

(c) budget and financial control

(d) quality control
(e) supervision of construction
10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 25
 Continued….
(f) commissioning
(g) operating, inspection and maintenance schedules for each part of the

work.
iv) Performance phase:
(a) management of facility
(b) inspection, maintenance and repair;
(c) rehabilitation and renewal requirements
(change of loading, widening, change of use and durability aspects);
(d) decommissioning and demolition
10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 26
 Continued….
1.6 DESIGN OBJECTIVES
The objectives of a bridge design are:-

 safety

 serviceability

 economy

 constructability

 and aesthetics

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 27
 Continued….
 Safety

 The primary responsibility of the engineer is to ensure public safety in

the design by ensuring adequate structural safety.

 Serviceability: Consist of satisfying requirements of deformation,

durability, maintainability and ride ability.

 Deformation:- Bridge should be designed to avoid excessive

deformation that cause undesirable structural or physiological effects.

 Durability:- Contract documents specify quality of material to be used.

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 28
 Continued….
 Inspectablity:- Inspection ladders, walkways, catwalks and covered
access hole will be provided where other means of inspection are not
practical.

 Maintainability:- structural systems whose maintenance is expected to

be difficult should be avoided.

 Rideablity:- the deck of the bridge will be designed to permit smooth

movements of traffic (Cross fall and Chamber)

 Economy: structural types, span length and material should be

selected based on cost.
10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 29
 Continued….
 Constructability: bridge should be designed in a manner such that
fabrication and erection can be performed with out excessive difficulty
or distress and that construction force effects are with in tolerable
limits .

 Aesthetics: Aesthetics aspects and space requirement of buildings are

designed by architects.

 Aesthetics, space requirement, hydraulic and structural aspects of

bridges are designed by civil engineer.

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 30
 Continued….
 Bridge should be complement with the surroundings, be graceful in
form and present an appearance of adequate strength.

 The followings are some special area of concern.

1. Proportion and lines: all the member should bear a pleasing

relationship to each other.

2. pleasing shapes: appearance can be enhanced by avoiding

stereotyped round or square columns and flat soffits

3. Compatibility: Make the bridge fit its surroundings.

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 31
 Continued….

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 32
 Continued….

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 33
 Continued….
1.7 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

 Bridges shall be designed for specified limit states to achieve the

objectives of safety, serviceability, economy, constructability and
aesthetics.

 Each component and connection should be designed to satisfy

equation 1-1 for each of the limit states: service, fatigue and
fracture, strength and extreme event limit states.

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 34
 Continued….

 A bridge for which any of these limit states is exceeded is unfit for
the intended function or use.
10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 35
 Continued….
 The different limit states may be defined now

 Strength limit state – is meant to ensure that strength and stability,

 Service limit state – is restrictions on stress, deformation and

crack width under regular service conditions

 Fatigue and fracture limit state – the fatigue limit state is

restrictions on stress range as a result of a single design truck
occurring at the number of expected stress range cycles.

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 36
 Continued….
 Extreme event limit states - this is taken to ensure the structural
survival of a bridge during a major earthquake or flood, or when
collided by a vehicle, vessel, possibly under scoured conditions..

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 37
 Continued….

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 38
 Continued….

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 39
 Continued….

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 40
 Continued….

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 41
 Continued….

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 42
 Continued….

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 43
 Continued….

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 44
 Continued….

10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 45
10/27/2019 Chalachew A. 46