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LIBRARY STUDY

INTRODUCTION
The CBD or Central Business District is the focal point of a •GENERAL OBJECTIVES
city. It is the commercial, office, retail, and cultural center of the •Accessibility -District centre should be planned in a
city and usually is the center point for transportation networks. . way so that every activity falls within the accessible
It maintains a special cultural status as historic centre of the distance.
city as well as serving as a community centre for the surrounding •Safety -By providing road side infrastructure
region. It also maintains a pedestrian oriented character. encouraging pedestrian’s movement and less vehicular
traffic which help enhance safety.
•Comfort-Providing more sitting spaces in the parks,
facilities like public conveniences.
•Compatibility-Any two activities provided in
HISTORIC BACKGROUND
consecutively would be compatible with each other or
The CBD developed as the market square in ancient cities. On
buffer zone would be provided for the same.
market days, farmers, merchants and consumers would gather in
the center of the city to exchange, buy, and sell goods. This
ancient market is the forerunner to the CBD. As cities grew and
developed, CBDs became fixed location where retail and
commerce took place. The CBD is often near a major
transportation route that provided the site for the city's location,
such as a river, railroad, or highway.

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LIBRARY STUDY
SITE PLANNING
The allocation of spaces for these and possibly others users should be guided by certain
planning principles in order to attain the highest feasible productivity of the land over
an extended period of time
1. Safeguard surrounding areas against the blind
2. Expose retail facilities to maximum foot traffic
3. Separate various mechanized traffic type from one another Barrier free environment

4. Create a maximum of comfort for the shoppers and merchants


5. Achieve order, unity and beauty.

OBJECTIVES
• The entire complex shall be designed with proper orientation and maximum
N
wind movement. Building may be oriented along NW – SE orientation.
• Development of open spaces, nodes and transition spaces between main
The shop units and the plazas should
be north facing to avoid the glare
building and approach areas.
• Ensuring proper connection between public areas, semi public areas and
• services. While formal and informal areas shall be well connected, a sense of
segregation should be ensured as well.
• To create streets which are safe and attractive to pedestrians.
• To provide activity and interest along the street.
Pedestrian friendly complex

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LIBRARY STUDY
COMPONENTS OF C.B.D

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LIBRARY STUDY
POSSIBLE LAYOUTS POSSIBLE SECTIONS

OPTION 1 OPTION 2 Good sense of enclosure No sense of enclosure


This layout comprises of a This layout differs (45angle) (15angle)
separate area for from the first option
pedestrian in the form of by the introduction of
pedestrian mall activity areas like
museum or library.

Proper sense of enclosure No sense of enclosure

OPTION 3 OPTION 4
All blocks enclose a It is the simplest of all
common open space. It layouts. The centre is
leads to the creation of approached through
variety of spaces linear connectivity. When building When building
When building
height is equal to height is equal height is equal to
the street height, a to the one third one fourth times
sense of enclosure of street width, of street width,
is generated. In the skyline the sense of
this case, building dominates over enclosure is
central parking with approach with one court & façade is more the building completely lost.
peripheral buildings two magnets placed in detailed
and service roads. diagonal manner.

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LIBRARY STUDY
PARKING
1)0° - parallel to road. Entry and exit to • 2 wheeler parking: 1.2 x 2.1 m
parking bay difficult. Suitable for • Car - Parking: 2.5 x 5 m -
narrow roads. Turning Radius 5m
2) 30°- angle to access road. Easy entry • Bus - Parking: 3.5 x 12 m -
to parking bay and exit. Uses a large Turning Radius 12.2m
area.
3) 45°- angle to access road. Good entry
to parking bay and exit. Relatively
small parking space.
4) 60°- angle to access road. Relatively good
entry and exit to parking bay; small
parking space. Arrangement often used. Parking type sqm
5)Right angles to road (parking spaces 2.50 Open 23
m wide). Sharp turn needed for entry and
Ground floor covered 28
exit.
Basement 32
6) Right angles to road (parking spaces 2.30
Multilevel with ramps 30
m wide). Small area needed for parking
space. Ideal for compact parking layouts, Automated multilevel with 16
lifts
used frequently.

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LIBRARY STUDY
PEDESTRIAN
GENERAL SITE DESIGN FOR PEDESTRIANS

No shortage of sources for site furnishings


today.
Range of well-designed & durable materials
in many styles from which the designer may Standing & Walking dimension
choose. for wheelchair

 All of these furnishings comply with the


accepted standards of human dimensions &
behavior is necessary.
WALKWAYS

A fundamental element of design for the


pedestrian is the pathway or side-walk. Pathway design
W=v(m/s)
The sidewalk width must be designed to I.E.
provide the level of service suited to the user. o W = the width of the
pathway or sidewalk,ft.
The parameters of sidewalk width are oV = the traffic volume,
determined according to the : persons /minute
oM = the space module
-anticipated volume of foot traffic, allowed/person,ft².
-the speed at which the pedestrians will be oS = the walking speed
o,ft/min
walking ,and the desired density of traffic. Rigid mortared paving detail
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LIBRARY STUDY
STREET FURNITURE

STREET FURNITURE :- Elements LITTER BINS:-These are of SITTING CHAIR:-


placed in a landscape or streetscape for three types
comfort, convenience, information, • Open types
circulation control, protection, and user • semi open type .
enjoyment are collectively referred to as • Hinged- door opening
site furniture (figure 510-1) .Benches, BARRIERS:- The purpose of
bollards, signage, lighting, tree grates, these barriers are
and utility boxes • Privacy

SIGN DESIGN. • Safety


Consider both pedestrian and vehicular CHAIN AND BARRIERS:-
traffic in selecting and designing It should be 790mm in height
Litter bins
signage. When lower than 790 mm it is
.SIGNAGE AND THE BUILDING Difficult to detect by pedestrian ,
Signage should be low-key in order to cyclist, motorcyclist
avoid competition with the architecture of
the structure.
Materials and design should be
compatible with the building’s materials

and style Signage Chains and barriers

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LIBRARY STUDY
BARRIER FREE ENVIRONMENT.

Parking width of 3.6m instead of


Height and design of sill and hanging
normal 2.5m width requirement
hoarding for unobstructed shopping
Tactile warning marking on the
arcade.
Ground around the obstruction

Curb ramp at marked crossings detail


Street furniture at a uniform
Interval of 100-200m

Separate 1.5m side walkway for


combined walkway traffic of
Extra 1.2m to accommodate wheel wheelchair and the sightless Provision of curbstone along both
chair.
person. sides to resist a slippage

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LIBRARY STUDY
LANDSCAPING

•Trees shall be provided along major pedestrian


corridors.
•Trees shall not be placed closer than 30 feet
from intersections. They shall remain out of the

clear vision triangle.


Mature street trees shall be maintained for clear head clearance.
•Branch height of mature trees on traffic side
shall be no less than 13’-6” above the street. • Shady trees – sitting can be provided under shady trees
Neem – azadirachta indica
•Branch height on pedestrian side shall be no
Peepal – ficus relegiosa
less than 8’above the sidewalk. Golden fig – ficus benjaminia
'Cooling path'
High branched
•Proper irrigation systems shall be installed to provided for breeze
• Flowering trees – for aesthetics trees provide shade
before it enters the
establish and maintain healthy growth. Amaltas – cassia fistula for the breeze
building.
Gulmohar – delonixx fistula
•Tree species shall be selected that can
Kachnar – bauhinia frandosa
withstand the harsh conditions of the urban
• Ornamental trees – for aesthetics
environment. When an area is to be unified,
Royal palm – oreodoxa regia
plant only one species. Palmyra – borassus flabellifer
•Mature tree height and canopy fullness shall
• Avenue trees –
not obscure important building features or Silver oak – gravilla robusta
Ashoka – polyalthia longifolia
business identification.
Use of vegetation in redirecting air flows

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LIBRARY STUDY
RETAIL SHOPS AND STORES

Retail outlets can be broadly divided into



Small Shops – 20 sq m

Medium Shops – 50 sq m

Large shops – 150 sq m
• Fig. 1 - wide frontage columns Fig.2- Not Fig.3- Narrow
Departmental Stores Or cause no interruption to display recommended frontage Max.
• in arcade. should be avoided. Window Perimeter
Supermarkets – 350 sq m
PLANNING GUIDELINES

Occupation in stores - 1 person per 5 to 6 sq m; 1 person per 1.8 sq m in peak hours

Shelf Units - Shelf units should not be higher than 1.8m and not lesser than 0.3m.
SHOP WIDTH
• This is the most important dimension as it involves column spacing and frontage of stores.
• The most common used shop widths are 6 , 7.6, 9.14 m the last being the most flexible one.

SHOP DEPTH – It can vary according to the frontage

Covered verandahs
• Covered verandahs must be provided for shade and protection against sun and rain.
• Width can vary from 1.85m to 3.04 m depending upon the type of shop.
Fig.4- Narrow frontage
Flat front

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LIBRARY STUDY
RETAIL SHOPS AND STORES

STRUCTURAL GRID
Large units between 7.3m to 10.9m frontage & 9.14m depth.
Small units between 5.18m to 5.8m frontage and total depth.

BOOTHS
Booths are smaller in size than shops having min area 6sq.m.
Booths frontage vary from 2,2.5 & 3m .

SHOWROOMS y
Showrooms are larger in size than shops having min area 95 sq m
DEPARMENTAL STORES
Department stores are large complex shops, invariably extending
over several floor levels, selling a wide variety of goods,
particularl clothes.

PLANNING
Minimum heights for shop spaces of the following are as follows:

Up to 400 sq m retail floor space 3.00 m

Over 400 sq m retail floor space 3.30 m

Over 1500 sq m retail floor space 3.50 m

LOCATIONS
The main aisles are 2.2 to 2.5m wide increasing to 2.8 to 3.2m.

|| CENTRAL BUISNESS DISTRICT 12


LIBRARY STUDY
OFFICES
Modern office buildings are of the following types:
Close Plan offices – They have full height walls or partitions

dividing the space into offices with doors.

Private offices – They are typically located along a window wall. Open

Plan Offices – In open plan offices, all workstations are l located in an

open space with no ceiling height division or doors. Modified Open

Plan Offices – They combine the feature private and open plan offices.

Partition, window, ceilings, window modules, effect office layouts 1.5 sq

m of area is required for circulation per person


Single/ Group Office Normal Maximum

Depth of Office 3.75 – 7.50 mt 9.25 m

Dist. b/w Windows 1.00 – 3.25 mt 6.00 m

Dist. b/w Columns 1.75 – 7.50 mt 11.00 m

Main Corridor Width 1.75 – 2.50 mt 3.25 m


Side Corridor Width 1.50 – 2.00 mt 2.50 m

Height of Office 2.50 – 4.00 mt 5.00 m


Different modules for office layout

|| CENTRAL BUISNESS DISTRICT 13


CASE
CASE STUD Y
STUDY

CASE STUDY : SAKET DISTICT CENTER

PROJECT BRIEF

Project Name District Center Saket

Location Saket, South Delhi


Type of project commercial

Type of development Mixed use


development
Developers D.D.A

Year Of Completion 2007

Comprises of Retail podium,


cinemas, office
building, service
apartments
Surrounding mostly residential,
some of commercial

No. Of Storey's Office Building G+8


Retail G+2

Total Site Area 54 Acres

SAKET DISTRICT CENTER,SITE PROFILE


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CASE STUDY
LOCATION
 It is located in South Delhi.
 It is situated on Press Enclave Road
on the way to Qutab Minar.
ACCESSIBILITY
 Direct connectivity to Mehrauli-Badarpur Road
 It is situated 18 km away from International
and National Airport

 15 km away from New Delhi Railway Station.


DELHI SAKET, SOUTH DELHI
 8 km away from South Extension.
 4 km away from Greater Kailash.

SURROUNDINGS Press enclave road

 Modi Hospital is located on the right side of


the site.

30 m wide road

26 m wide road
 Residential area is on the left side of the site. Modi
 Existing nala on the rear side of the site hospital
CATCHMENT AREA
affluent neighboring colonies like C C.R. Park,
Sainik Farms, Haus Khas, Panchsheel Enclave

Easy access since Saket forms the gateway to south Delhi SAKET DISTRICT CENTER,SITE PROFILE

|| CENTRAL BUISNESS DISTRICT 15


CASE STUDY
ACCESSIBILITY & ENTRANCES,EXIT
SITE AREA :-
54 ACRES
TOPOGRAPHY :-

site has flat terrain


SHAPE :-
Site is quadrilateral
ORIENTATION :-
Site is north- south
oriented
LEGEND
Entry/Exit
Traffic
Conflict Area
Traffic
Movement
MGF Mall

DLF Mall
N
Select City • It is easily accessible through PUBLIC TRANSPORT i.e. DTC buses, Metro rail, Auto
Mall rickshaws, And through private vehicles.
Southern Park
• There is problem in crossing of road as no Pedestrian facility like FOB, Subway is
Mall
provided near by to it. So, number of modal conflicts are more.

|| CENTRAL BUISNESS DISTRICT 16


CASE STUDY
SITE ZONING

The Whole Site Is Divided In LEGENDS G+3


To Four Zones.
Re-creational zone G+2
COMMERCIAL ZONE. Public Building zone
OFFICE ZONE G+8 G+2
Commercial zone
RE-CREATIONAL ZONE
Office zone G+1
PUBLIC BUILDING G+2

1. Office buildings on AREA PROGRAMME G+8 G+8 G+8 G+8


periphery to avoid chaos
Proposed areas:
in complex
Total site area 21.8 ha. 2% 1% 3%
2. Interconnected zones- 20. 8 ha.
Total built up area 6% Retail
office zone and
Total retail 91287 sq. m. 10%
commercial zones Offices
Total offices 91613 sq. m.
segregated still remains mandatory green
Hotel 2797 sq.m. 48%
interconnected.
15079 sq.m. residential
Service apartments
3. Open plazas in front of
Multiplexes 7650 sq.m. cultural
34%
commercial zone act as hotel
Cultural center 6360 sq.m.
breathing space .
1 mltiplexes
Far

|| CENTRAL BUISNESS DISTRICT 17


CASE STUDY
CIRCULATION
30 m wide road
Vehicular movement
Pedestrian movement Pedestrian along
•20 m wide road within with buildings

complex for vehicular common open


movement around all space 150x130

•5m wide pedestrian


20 m wide
along with building service lane
•Peepal and Satpatti
trees along pathways.
•Piazza forming main
circulation in front of
30 m wide road
commercial zone

Circulation movement within and outside complex Vehicular


Vehicular Service Lane Pedestrian circulation circulation
Circulation Circulation

Area under 26513.8 sqm i.e.


•The circulation pattern is constant throughout the CBD.
road 12.3%
•The pedestrian traffic and the vehicular traffic is segregated.
Area under 38487.5 sqm i.e.
•Interconnected vehicular roads within complex connecting various zones pedestrian 17.6%

|| CENTRAL BUISNESS DISTRICT 18


CASE STUDY
PARKING

Type of parking parking


provided at
provided in complex front for
• Surface parking people
visiting in
• Basement parking malls

Pedestrian
entry

each building
is provided
with its own
parking in
Parking provided order to reduce
for offices the chaos in
complex.
Width of
ramp- 2.5m
Slope of
ramp 1:10 ramp
Plan showing parking in complex
Size of bay Surface parking
provided on Total no of parking in complex-5650 • Saket district can take the load of
surface 5x2.5m traffic but its surrounding areas are not.
Total no. of surface parking- 1600 • Complex don't have adequate parking
Total no. of parking provided in basement –4050 for two wheelers

|| CENTRAL BUISNESS DISTRICT 19


CASE STUDY
MASS SPACE RELATIONSHIP

The Heights in the entire site have been Piazza's provided at the Scio graphic studies of the
restricted according to the use. Hence the front facade to create a entire area show that the degree
open space-built form relationship has been interesting visual experience. of enclosure increases around the
maintained in a controlled manner. The spaces enclosed by office buildings whereas there is
office buildings pose the practically no sense of enclosure
maximum sense of enclosure. in the case of the piazza that
forms the frontage to the
shopping and commercial areas.

G+8 for office tower Offices provided at the

G+1/G+2 for shopping /commercial outskirts of the complex to

building avoid the movement of the

Overall ,the varied enclosure gives the employees through the The piazza acts as a common
visitor a rich, interesting experience, as the commercial area open space for the shopping and
spaces open out into each other according commercial areas. The visitor
to the usage of the respective block. There experiences a full panoramic view
is dynamism and clarity in the layout. of the entire district centre.

|| CENTRAL BUISNESS DISTRICT 20


CASE STUDY
LAND USE

Saket district center basically comprise 5 major mall namely


1.DLF place  SOUTHERN PARK  SELECT CITYWALK

2.Select city walk • Southern park - mall • Select city walk - shopping mall.

3. The south court cum commercial • Developed by - select group

4. Metropolitan mall complex . • Area -1,300,000 sq ft


• Developed by -TDI group • Retail, a multiplex, serviced
5. Southern park
• Area - (9,000 m2) Apartments, offices, and public space
 DLF PLACE
• Spread over five floors +  THE SOUTH COURT
• The DLF place - shopping mall
• two tiers of basement • The south court- shopping mall under
• Developed by- DLF group
parking construction.
• Total area - 400,000 sq ft
• Developed by -DLF group
• six-screen DT cinemas multiplex
• Total area - 400,000 sq ft
& diner, A food court, hard rock
(37,000 m2).
cafe, gourmet outlets, office
• Will have a lifestyle and a landmark
complex and Hilton hotel.  METROPOLITAN MALL anchor store, retail arcade with many
•Metropolitan Mall -shopping mall major Indian brands of clothes and
•Developed by - MGF Group apparel, a food court, gourmet outlets,
•total area - 11000 sq. metres. office complex and a hotel

|| CENTRAL BUISNESS DISTRICT 21


CASE STUDY
DLF MALL

Project profile: Dlf Place Mall


DLF
Developers: DLF infrastructure MAL
L
Year of completion : 2007
No of storey's: for retail G +2
Architect: mohit gujral
 Linear atriums at all places in the
Area of mall 37000 sqm
mall referred to as courtyards.
Grid 8x8 m
 Open spaces at the junctions
breaking the linearity.
 The shops are aligned to the atrium
and are rectangular in shape with
length to width ratio of 3.5:1.
 For vertical transportation mall has
16 staircases(most of them acting
as fire escapes also), 15 elevators
which go to the basements and 8 Bridge connecting Kiosk and Entrance
upper levels Exhibition space
escalators which are provided at
Shopping area
the end of atriums
Horizontal circulation
Vertical circulation
GROUND FLOOR PLAN

|| CENTRAL BUISNESS DISTRICT 22


CASE STUDY

DLF MALL
Shopping Area
Horizontal Circulation
Vertical Circulation
Re-creational Area

First floor level of mall are visible


through atriums.
The opposite ends are connected A view of High Street
through bridges in court 1 and court
three, moreover a circular atrium is
provided between court1 and court 2 at
the corner of the mall.

Smaller size of shops because of the


corridor The High street gives an experience of
European shopping streets as these are being
used as terraces for coffee shop, shops open
on to these streets and there are structures on
the piazza side of the street which acts as
Circular Atrium
Retail Store at
first floor level kiosks on certain days
FIRST FLOOR PLAN

|| CENTRAL BUISNESS DISTRICT 23


CASE STUDY
DLF MALL

Food Courts
Horizontal
Circulation
Vertical Circulation
Re-creational Area

When we come to the second floor


level there is a major change in the
layout of the mall. The shops and service
cores on the piazza side of the mall are
discontinued and a terrace takes their
place.
 Second floor mainly consists of food
court and restaurants

The large terraces that are being formed at


this level give a magnificent look of the plaza
area, also they provide a beautiful setting for
the food court users in the evenings whereby
Food courts
SECOND FLOOR PLAN they can eat in the open in the evenings.

|| CENTRAL BUISNESS DISTRICT 24


CASE STUDY
BASEMENT FLOORS

Ramp to basement Ticketing at entry


from service road

 3 level basement for parking


and services
 Parking space collectively
1000-1200 cars Stairs coming out of Lift lobby entrance
 The clear height of these basement
basements are:
 3950 mm for
basement 1
 4050 mm for
basement 2
 3050 mm for
basement 3
 Mall lifts continued till the
basement
 16 staircases

|| CENTRAL BUISNESS DISTRICT 25


CASE STUDY
ARCHITECTURALEXPRESSION
Finishing. The entire complex is finished with At the upper level on the front The lower levels glazing
facade, space provided for is treated with granite
combination of granite, composite metallic
advertisements, forthcoming bands making a striking
cladding, acrylic paint and structural glazing.
attractions and cinema posters, ideally bold impression on the
visible from a distance governing the lower shopping level and
external elevation. also relates itself with the
mall elevation

The lower levels of the building have been


given a more transparent look with large
glazed part being offered to foyer/food
court/retail. This has been done also keeping
in mind the commercial aspect for shops to
have maximum frontage and making the
shops more visible and lively for the crowd To conceal the

visiting the building. services, 1.5m projection


has been extended at the
roof level beneath the
service floor on the
terrace.

|| CENTRAL BUISNESS DISTRICT 26


CASE STUDY
LANDSCAPING
al
PLAZA
 It covers the large area of green cover(upto 4 acres)
 Open plaza, having an open air theatre
 Saanskriti, for art festivals, fairs, exhibitions, performances, and
fresco dining.
 The plaza is landscaped extensively in timber, water, stone and
steel and has an
 Open–air amphitheater, along with trees and water features
 Street furniture is provided at various places.
 Dustbins are not provided for security reasons.
 The open areas is also seen with water bodies including
fountains.
 It is designed with beautiful inviting landscapes.
LANDSCAPE FEATURE IN PLAZA
Shady Tree Along Road

Peepal Ficus religiosa

Satparni Alstoniascholaris
TOTAL GREEN AREA
Parking Trees
Pilkan Ficus infectorija
2.18 Hectares •Landscaped area •Pedestrian path
Satparni
10% of theAlstoniascholaris
site area •corridor

Parks/Gardens
Asoka Bottle Saraca indica
brush Callistemon viminalis
SECTION THROUGH LANDSCAPED AREA

|| CENTRAL BUISNESS DISTRICT 27


CASE STUDY
SERVICES
Service core comprises of:
•Water supply pipes
•Drainage
At 45 m.
•Telecommunication wires
Fire sprinklers at Dist. Between 2 Fire hydrants Sluice valve
•Fire safety pipes regular grid fire hydrants. placed along the at each level to
periphery of the control water
•Electrical supply pipes
building flow
•Fire fighting system is
installed for each building.

HVAC System:
The main air conditioning plant room is Underground Electrical Service pipes concealed in
situated in the basement and cooling towers are room the projected canopy at
the top
on the terrace. Each shop has been provided
with their own A.H.U.’s so that they can
maintain temperature individually. For the
purpose of air conditioning of atriums ducts are
provided along the atrium with water nozzles.
To impart a natural flow of air large exhausts
Exhaust Cooling plant at Service corridor running at
are installed at terrace along the atrium
along atrium terrace the rear side of the building

|| CENTRAL BUISNESS DISTRICT 28


CASE STUDY
SERVICES
•Services at different floors:
•There are well placed lift cores, providing or
more than adequate elevators, for both passengers
and freight. Electric panels
•Individual AHU and FCU have been
provided for individual shops.

•AHU rooms provided for common area.


5 ac plant rooms
•BASEMENT1:
•5 nos DG SETS
•3nos 2000kva+2nos 1000kva
•Garbage dumping rooms provided at basement.
•BASEMENT2:
•4 water supply tanks- fire water tank
•Domestic, raw water , fire water , soft water tanks.
•The help desk is also provided in second basement.
•Staff dinning and changing rooms also provided at second basement.
•Fire alarms are provided at regular intervals in the basement.
•Control room provided in basement.
• Big exhaust fans provided
Water pump room

|| CENTRAL BUISNESS DISTRICT 29


CASE STUDY
INFERENCES
 South Delhi: Prime location
 The Saket district centre provides large public and landscaped open spaces. The public realm has being given

tha ought!
 Instead of having shopping malls stand as isolated entities – disjoint from one another – the development at Saket is
planned in a manner where the multiple buildings are tied together with a common colonnade and uninterrupted
access
an
d transition, making it vibrant, dynamic and friendly.

 Saket Place is projected to employ close to 30,000 people, and attract about 1,00,000 cars in the vicinity every
hour A district centre goes dead after work-hours – Saket district center devoid of this scenario.

Too much of rigidity imparted on the developer in terms of the design of buildings and

elevation kills the creativity of the architect involved.

Saket District centre may be ready to take the huge volume of traffic, but the surrounding
transportation arteries are still not!

|| CENTRAL BUISNESS DISTRICT 30

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