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History of Cognition
Cognition
Attention
Classification and Categorization
Executive Function and Control
Reasoning and Inference
Cognition
Problem Solving
Cognition
(continued)
Decision Making
Social Cognition
Cognition
Cognition > History of Cognition
History of Cognition
• History of Cognition
www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/cognition-9/history-of-cognition-59/
Cognition > Attention
Attention
• Attention
www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/cognition-9/attention-486/
Cognition > Classification and Categorization
Classification and Categorization

• Classification and Categorization
www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/cognition-9/classification-and-categorization-487/
Cognition > Executive Function and Control
Executive Function and Control

• Executive Function and Control
www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/cognition-9/executive-function-and-control-488/
Cognition > Reasoning and Inference
Reasoning and Inference

• Reasoning and Inference
www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/cognition-9/reasoning-and-inference-489/
Cognition > Problem Solving
Problem Solving
• Problem Solving
www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/cognition-9/problem-solving-490/
Cognition > Decision Making
Decision Making
• Decision Making
www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/cognition-9/decision-making-491/
Cognition > Social Cognition
Social Cognition
• Social Cognition
www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/cognition-9/social-cognition-492/
Appendix
Cognition
Key terms
• attention Selective concentration on a discrete stimulus while ignoring other perceivable stimuli.
• availability The ease with which a particular idea can be brought to mind.
• availability heuristic When a person makes a judgment about the probability of an event based on the ease with which it comes
to mind.
• cognition The set of all mental abilities and processes related to knowledge.
• cognitive load The total amount of mentaleffort being used in working memory.
• cognitive science An interdisciplinary field that analyses mental functions and processes.
• executive function The management, regulation, and control of cognitive processes.
• executive system The network that regulates the processes of executive function.
• functional fixedness When the intended purpose of an object hinders a person's ability to see its potential other uses.
• graded membership Different levels of adherence to a category.
• inference A conclusion drawn from true or assumed-true facts.
• logic Step-by-step thinking about how a problem can be solved or a conclusion can be reached.
Cognition
• mental set An unconscious tendency to approach a problem in a particular way.

• prepotent response Any response for which immediate reinforcement is available.
• priming A prior experience that causes a schema to be more accessible.
• Problem The difference between the current situation and a goal.
• prototype A mental image that is representative of a certain category.
• reason The capacity for consciously making sense of the world based on logic and evidence.
• salience The degree to which a particular object stands out relative to other objects in a situation.
• schema An pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them.
• set A group of expectations that shape experience.
• syllogism A type of deductive reasoning, often in the form "All A are B; C is A; therefore, C is B."
Cognition
Spotlight model
In the spotlight model, the focus is the central area of attention, which takes in highly detailed information. The fringe takes in less detailed information,
and the margin is the cutoff for taking in any information.
Wikipedia. "Wikipedia-spotlight.jpg." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention%23/media/File:Wikipedia-spotlight.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cognition
The prefrontal cortex

The different parts of the prefrontal cortex are vital to executive function.
Wikipedia. "Prefrontal_cortex.png." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prefrontal_cortex.png View on Boundless.com
Cognition
The dot problem

In the dot problem, described below, solvers must attempt to connect all nine dots with no more than four lines, without lifting their pen from the paper.
Wikipedia. "9dots1.png." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking_outside_the_box%23/media/File:9dots.svg View on Boundless.com
Cognition
Lottery ticket
Lotteries take advantage of the availability heuristic: winning the lottery is a more vivid mental image than losing the lottery, and thus people perceive
winning the lottery as being more likely than it is.
Wikipedia. "1st_California_Lottery_Tickets.jpg." Public domain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Lottery%23/media/File:1st_California_Lottery_Tickets.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cognition
Prototype theory
Under prototype theory, all treelike things will be judged based on an individual's prototype of a tree. The middle category TREE is more salient than the
high-level category PLANT or the low-level category ELM.
Wikipedia. "Generalization_process_using_trees_PNG_version.png." CC0 1.0 Universal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept%23/media/File:Generalization_process_using_trees_PNG_version.png View on Boundless.com
Cognition
The dot problem's solution

Most solvers do not recognize that they can go outside the box and draw longer lines to connect the dots.
Wikipedia. "9dots2.png." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking_outside_the_box%23/media/File:Ninedots.svg View on Boundless.com
Cognition
Phineas Gage
Phineas Gage's brain damage became an important case study in the field of psychology; damage to his frontal lobe with a tamping iron (pictured)
changed his social behavior, leading psychologists to believe that there were neural aspects of behavior.
Wikipedia. "Phineas_Gage_Cased_Daguerreotype_WilgusPhoto2008-12-19_Unretouched_Color_ToneCorrected.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage%23/media/File:Phineas_Gage_Cased_Daguerreotype_WilgusPhoto2008-12-
Cognition
Sherlock Holmes, master of reasoning

In this video, we see the famous literary character Sherlock Holmes use both inductive and deductive reasoning to form inferences about his friends. As
you can see, inductive reasoning can lead to erroneous conclusions. Can you distinguish between his deductive (general to specific) and inductive
(specific to general) reasoning?
View on Boundless.com
Cognition
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Rene Descartes." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes
• Wikipedia. "Aristotle." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle
• Wikipedia. "Cogito ergo sum." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sum
• Wikipedia. "Cognition." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition
• Wikipedia. "Cognitive load." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_load%23Cognitive_load_theory
• Wikipedia. "Attention." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention
• Wikipedia. "Concept learning." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_learning
• Wikipedia. "Fuzzy set." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_set
• Wikipedia. "Concept learning." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_learning
• Wikipedia. "Set (psychology)." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(psychology)
• Wikipedia. "Executive functions." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_functions
• Wikipedia. "Reason." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason
• Wikipedia. "Psychology of reasoning." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_of_reasoning
• Wiktionary. "Logic." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/logic
• Wiktionary. "Inference." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inference
• Wikipedia. "Confirmation bias." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias
• Wikipedia. "Mathematical problem." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_problem
Cognition
• Wikipedia. "Problem solving." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving%23Psychology

• Wikipedia. "Framing effect (psychology)." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_effect_(psychology)
• Wikipedia. "Decision-making." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-making
• Wikipedia. "Heuristics in judgment and decision making." CC BY-SA 3.0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristics_in_judgment_and_decision-makingQ
• Wikipedia. "Schema (psychology)." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_(psychology)
• Wikipedia. "Social cognition." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cognition
• Wikipedia. "Social psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology

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Classification and Categorization

Executive Function and Control

Reasoning and Inference

Classification and Categorization

Executive Function and Control

Reasoning and Inference

• mental set An unconscious tendency to approach a problem in a particular way.

The prefrontal cortex

The dot problem

The dot problem's solution

Sherlock Holmes, master of reasoning

• Wikipedia. "Problem solving." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving%23Psychology

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