Boundless Lecture Slides: Introduction to Language

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Introduction to Language
Language
Human Language
Language
Language > Introduction to Language
Introduction to Language
• Introduction to Language
• The Structure of Language
www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/language-10/introduction-to-language-60/
Language > Human Language
Human Language
• Introduction to Human Language
• Human vs. Animal Language
• Human Language Development
• Human Language and the Brain
• Linguistic Relativity
www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/language-10/human-language-408/
Appendix
Language
Key terms
• accommodation The act of fitting or adapting, or the state of being fitted or adapted; adaptation; adjustment.
• aphasia A loss of the ability to produce or understand language.
• assimilation The absorption of new ideas into an existing cognitive structure.
• cognitive distortion Exaggerated and irrational thoughts, believed to perpetuate psychological disorders.
• dead language A language with no remaining native speakers.
• displacement The ability of a language to describe things that are not present.
• generative Used to describe a language that can convey an infinite number of ideas based on different combinations of words
or symbols.
• grammar The set of rules a language obeys for creating words and sentences.
• lexeme The set of inflected forms taken by a single word.
• lexicon The sum total of all words in a language.
• lexigram A symbol that represents a word but is not necessarily indicative of the object referenced by the word; used in studies
of communication.
• morpheme The smallest linguistic unit within a word that can carry a meaning, such as "un-", "break", and "-able" in the word
"unbreakable."
Language
• phoneme An indivisible unit of sound in a given language.

• recursive Used to describe a language with units (such as sentences or phrases) that can contain themselves (such as
sentences within sentences or phrases within phrases).
• semantics The study of the relationship between words and their meanings.
• shaping A method of positive reinforcement of behavior patterns in operant conditioning.
• signal A sound or gesture that has meaning to those using it.
• symbol Any object, typically material, that is meant to represent another (usually abstract), even if there is no meaningful
relationship.
• zone of proximal development A concept developed by Soviet psychologist and social constructivist Lev Vygotsky that
describes the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help.
Language
Major levels of linguistic structure

This diagram outlines the relationship between types of linguistic units. Speech sounds make up phonemes, which make up words. Words make up
sentences, which have literal meanings and contextual meanings.
Wikimedia. "Major levels of linguistic structure." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Major_levels_of_linguistic_structure.svg
View on Boundless.com
Language
Language and thought

What a person thinks (thought) has a direct impact on what that person says (language), and vice versa.
Flickr. "120329-N-QQ884-066.JPG | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/us7thfleet/6882650594/ View on Boundless.com
Language
Parrot vs. Child: The Intelligence Test—Extraordinary Animals—Earth

It's Griffin versus the nursery school children in another bird brain test for this Extraordinary Animal. Subscribe to BBC Earth:
http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=BBCEarth BBC Earth YouTube Channel: http://www.youtube.com/BBCEarth BBC Earth
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/bbcearth (ex-UK only) BBC Earth Twitter http://www.twitter.com/bbcearth Visit http://www.bbcearth.com for all the
latest animal news and wildlife videos This is a channel from BBC Worldwide who help fund new BBC programmes.
Language
Kanzi with lexigram

Kanzi is a bonobo, whose trainers claim that not only can he understand human language, but he can manipulate human language to create sentences.
Here, Kanzi is in a research session at Great Ape Trust of Iowa using a lexigram with his trainer. There continues to be debate as to whether nonhuman
primates, including bonobos, are actually learning and understanding languages or are simply demonstrating the effects of operant conditioning (learning
to associate words and signs via reinforcement).
Language
The dog who knows 1,000 words

Meet Chaser, a dog that "knows" 1,000 words. Chaser's owners claim that he understands language, as evidenced by his ability to understand novel
linguistic stimuli (such as the names of unknown toys). Critics claim that Chaser is not understanding language as humans can, but that he has been
conditioned or trained to discriminate between certain phoneme sounds.
Language
Language and the brain

The areas of the brain necessary for language
Wikimedia. "Wernickeges2." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wernickeges2.gif View on Boundless.com
Language
Brain function and language.jpeg

This diagram shows the areas of the brain associated with languages.
Wikimedia Commons. "Brain function and language." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Surfacegyri.JPG View on Boundless.com
Language
Sentence Diagram
A diagram is one way to delineate and make sense of complicated syntax.
Wikimedia. CC BY-SA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Sentencediagram.jpg View on Boundless.com
Language
Major levels of linguistics

This diagram outlines the various subfields of linguistics, the study of language. These include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics,
and pragmatics.
Wikimedia Commons. "Major levels of linguistics." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Major_levels_of_linguistic_structure.svg
Language
Honeybee communication
Bees use body movements to communicate with one another.
Wikimedia. "Aethina tumida 5025042." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aethina_tumida_5025042.jpg View on Boundless.com
Language
Wikimedia. "09-Pismo." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:09-Pismo.jpg View on Boundless.com
Language

The areas of the brain necessary for processing language: Broca's area, Wernicke's area, the primary motor cortex, the posterior middle temporal gyrus,
and the middle and posterior superior temporal gyrus.
Wikimedia Commons. "Brain function and language." CC BY-SA 3.0
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Broca's_area%23/media/File:Cortical_areas_that_have_been_shown_to_be_involved_in_speech_processing_fnhum-
Language

The areas of the brain necessary for language. Spoken word, cognition, and written word all are processed in different parts of the brain in different
orders.
Wikimedia commons. "Language and the brain." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wernickeges2.gif View on Boundless.com
Language
Brain function and language

This diagram shows the location of the brain areas associated with language.
Wikimedia. "Surfacegyri." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Surfacegyri.JPG View on Boundless.com
Language
Rapping in American Sign Language

Shelby Mitchusson performs an ASL translation of "Lose Yourself" by Eminem. ASL and other sign languages have all the same structural underpinnings
that spoken languages do.
Language
Rapping in American Sign Language

Shelby Mitchusson performs an ASL translation of "Lose Yourself" by Eminem. ASL and other sign languages have all the same structural underpinnings
that spoken languages do.
Language
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Lexicon." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicon
• Wikipedia. "Morphology." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)
• Wikipedia. "Pragmatics." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics
• Wikibooks. "Cultural Anthropology/Communication and Language." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cultural_Anthropology/Communication_and_Language%23Features_of_Language
• Wikipedia. "Context (language use)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_(language_use)
• Wiktionary. "phoneme." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phoneme
• Wiktionary. "morpheme." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/morpheme
• Wiktionary. "lexeme." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lexeme
• WIKIPEDIA. "Grammar." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar
• WIKIPEDIA. "Phonemic awareness." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemic_awareness
• WIKIPEDIA. "Morpheme." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme
• Wiktionary. "zone of proximal development." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zone_of_proximal_development
• Wiktionary. "shaping." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shaping
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//sociology/definition/accommodation
• Wiktionary. "assimilation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/assimilation
• WIKIPEDIA. "Language acquisition device." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_acquisition_device
• WIKIBOOKS. "SL Psychology/Language." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/SL_Psychology/Language
Language
• WIKIBOOKS. "Animal Behavior/Language." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Animal_Behavior/Language

• SAYLOR. CC BY-SA http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/.../psych406-5.3.pdf
• Wikipedia. "Koko (gorilla)." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koko_(gorilla)
• Wiktionary. "signal." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/signal
• Wiktionary. "symbol." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/symbol
• Wiktionary. "lexigram." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lexigram
• Wikipedia. "Animal communication." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_communication
• Wikipedia. "Animal language." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_language
• Wikibooks. "Introduction to Linguistics/Nature of Language." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Linguistics/Nature_of_Language
• Wikipedia. "cognitive distortion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cognitive%20distortion
• Wiktionary. "semantics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/semantics
• Wikipedia. "Language and thought." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_and_thought
• Wikipedia. "Proto-Indo-European language." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language
• Wikipedia. "Origin of language." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language
• Wikipedia. "Recursion." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion
• Wikipedia. "Displacement (linguistics)." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(linguistics)
• Wikipedia. "Langauge processing in the brain." CC BY-SA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_processing_in_the_brain

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• phoneme An indivisible unit of sound in a given language.

Major levels of linguistic structure

Language and thought

Parrot vs. Child: The Intelligence Test—Extraordinary Animals—Earth

Kanzi with lexigram

The dog who knows 1,000 words

Language and the brain

Brain function and language.jpeg

Major levels of linguistics

Language and the brain

Language and the brain

Brain function and language

Rapping in American Sign Language

Rapping in American Sign Language

• WIKIBOOKS. "Animal Behavior/Language." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Animal_Behavior/Language

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