Boundless Lecture Slides: Climate Change Effects

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Ecology and the Biosphere > Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change

• Climate and Weather
• Causes of Global Climate Change
• Evidence of Global Climate Change
• Past and Present Effects of Climate Change
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Climate and Weather

• Climate refers to the long-term, predictable atmospheric conditions of a specific
area; it does not address the amount of rain that fell on one particular day or the
colder-than-average temperatures on a given day in a biome.
• Weather refers to the conditions of the atmosphere during a short period of time;
weather forecasts are usually made for 48-hour cycles.
• Specific, one-off weather occurrences are not necessarily indicators of climate
change.
Climate
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Causes of Global Climate Change

• Data show a correlation between the timing of temperature changes and drivers
of climate change.
• Prior to the Industrial Era (pre-1780), there were three drivers of climate change
that were not related to human activity: Milankovitch cycles, sun intensity, and
volcanic eruptions.
• Greenhouse gases, probably the most significant drivers of the climate, include
carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, nitrous oxide, and ozone.
• Human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels, releases carbon dioxide and
methane, two of the most important greenhouse gases, into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gasses
• Deforestation, cement manufacture, animal agriculture, the clearing of land, and
the burning of forests are other human activities that release carbon dioxide.
e-248/causes-of-global-climate-change-922-12178?campaign_content=book_1514_section_248&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=power
Evidence of Global Climate Change

• Climate change can be understood by approaching three areas of study: (1)
current and past global climate change, (2) causes of past and present-day
global climate change, and (3) ancient and current results of climate change.
• Since we cannot go back in time to directly measure climatic variables, such as
average temperature and precipitation, we must rely on historical evidence of
earth's past climate, such as Antarctic ice cores.
• Three significant temperature anomalies, or irregularities, have occurred in the
last 2000 years: the Medieval Climate Anomaly (or the Medieval Warm Period),
the Little Ice Age, and the Industrial Era. Measuring historical climate change
• With the beginning of the Industrial Era, atmospheric carbon dioxide began to
rise.
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Past and Present Effects of Climate Change

• Global warming has been associated with at least one planet-wide extinction
event during the geological past; scientists estimate that during the Permian
period, approximately 70 percent of the terrestrial plant and animal species along
with 84 percent of marine species became extinct.
• Glacier recession and melting ice caps are direct effects of current global climate
change, ultimately leading to higher global sea levels; as glaciers and polar ice
caps melt, there is a significant contribution of liquid water that was previously
frozen.
• Changes in temperature and precipitation are causing plants to flower earlier, Glacial recession
before their insect pollinators have emerged; mismatched timing of plants and View on Boundless.com
pollinators could result in injurious ecosystem effects.

• This mismatched timing of plants and pollinators could result in injurious
ecosystem effects because, for continued survival, insect-pollinated plants must
flower when their pollinators are present.
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Appendix
Ecology and the Biosphere
Key terms
• biome any major regional biological community such as that of forest or desert
• climate long-term manifestations of weather and other atmospheric conditions in a given area or country in a period long
enough to ensure that representative values are obtained (generally 30 years)
• fossil fuel any fuel derived from hydrocarbon deposits such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, and, to some extent, peat; these
fuels are irreplaceable; their burning generates the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide
• greenhouse effect the process by which a planet is warmed by its atmosphere
• greenhouse gas any gas, such as carbon dioxide, that contributes to the greenhouse effect (continued warming) when
released into the atmosphere
• Milankovitch cycle any of the three cyclic variations in the earth's orbit around the sun, respectively the obliquity of its axis, the
precession of the equinoxes, and the eccentricity of its orbit
• Permian of a geologic period within the Paleozoic era; comprises the Cisuralian, Guadalupian, and Lopingian epochs from
about 280 to 248 million years ago
• phenology the study of the effect of climate on periodic biological phenomena
• weather the short term state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place, including the temperature, humidity, cloud cover,
precipitation, wind, etc.
Climate
Climate refers to long-term, predictable atmospheric conditions of a specific area. Weather, in contrast, refers to the conditions of the atmosphere during
a short period of time. This map illustrates the various climate conditions around the world.
Daily Galaxy. CC BY http://www.dailygalaxy.com/photos/uncategorized/2007/03/27/world_climates_zones_2.gif View on Boundless.com
Glacial recession
The effect of global warming can be seen in the continuing retreat of Grinnel Glacier. The loss of a glacier results in the loss of summer meltwaters,
sharply reducing seasonal water supplies and severely affecting local ecosystems.
Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44861/latest/Figure_44_05_04.jpg View on Boundless.com
Measuring historical climate change

By measuring the amount of CO2 trapped in ice, scientists can determine past atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Temperatures relative to the present
are determined from the amount of deuterium (an isotope of hydrogen) present.
Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44861/latest/Figure_44_05_01.jpg View on Boundless.com
Climate change and the Industrial Era

The atmospheric concentration of CO2 has risen steadily since the beginning of industrialization.
Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44861/latest/Figure_44_05_02.jpg View on Boundless.com
Greenhouse gasses
The burning of fossil fuels in industry and by vehicles releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44861/latest/Figure_44_05_03.jpg View on Boundless.com
The main difference between climate and weather is:
A) climate can be predicted; weather cannot
B) climate is a long-term manifestation of weather patterns; weather is

short-term
C) climate is region-specific; weather is area-specific
D) climate indicates temperature; weather indicates atmospheric

conditions
The main difference between climate and weather is:
A) climate can be predicted; weather cannot
B) climate is a long-term manifestation of weather patterns; weather is

short-term
C) climate is region-specific; weather is area-specific
D) climate indicates temperature; weather indicates atmospheric

conditions
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
The primary mechanism that releases carbon dioxide is:
A) anaerobic conditions
B) melting clathrates
C) animal agriculture
D) burning fossil fuels
The primary mechanism that releases carbon dioxide is:
A) anaerobic conditions
B) melting clathrates
C) animal agriculture
D) burning fossil fuels
All of these gasses affect global climate change EXCEPT:
A) carbon dioxide
B) methane
C) nitrous oxide
D) carbon monoxide
All of these gasses affect global climate change EXCEPT:
A) carbon dioxide
B) methane
C) nitrous oxide
D) carbon monoxide
The time period between 1550 AD and 1850 AD was marked by
A) a global climate warming of 1 °C
B) a global climate cooling of 1 °C
C) a global climate cooling of 0.10 °C
D) a global climate warming of 0.10 °C
The time period between 1550 AD and 1850 AD was marked by
A) a global climate warming of 1 °C
B) a global climate cooling of 1 °C
C) a global climate cooling of 0.10 °C
D) a global climate warming of 0.10 °C
The increased use of coal (a fossil fuel) during the Industrial

Revolution drastically increased the amount of ___ in the
atmosphere.
A) carbon monixide
B) carbon dioxide
C) fossil fuels
D) precipitation
The increased use of coal (a fossil fuel) during the Industrial

Revolution drastically increased the amount of ___ in the
atmosphere.
A) carbon monixide
B) carbon dioxide
C) fossil fuels
D) precipitation
Boundless - LO. "BIO102: Introduction to Evolutionary Biology and Ecology « Saylor.org – Free
Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/courses/bio102/
Climate change has been associated with how many planet-wide

extinctions in the past?
A) at least one
B) none
C) it is impossible to tell
D) at least seven
Climate change has been associated with how many planet-wide

extinctions in the past?
A) at least one
B) none
C) it is impossible to tell
D) at least seven
Which of these are present effects of climate change?
A) late flowering of plants
B) pollinator synchronization
C) all of these
D) glacial melting and rising sea levels
Which of these are present effects of climate change?
A) late flowering of plants
B) pollinator synchronization
C) all of these
D) glacial melting and rising sea levels
Attribution
• Connexions. "Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44861/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "weather." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/weather
• Wiktionary. "climate." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/climate
• Wiktionary. "biome." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biome
• Wiktionary. "fossil fuel." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fossil+fuel
• Wiktionary. "greenhouse effect." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/greenhouse+effect
• Wiktionary. "greenhouse gas." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/greenhouse+gas
• Wiktionary. "Milankovitch cycle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Milankovitch+cycle
• Wiktionary. "phenology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phenology
• Wiktionary. "Permian." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Permian

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Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change

Climate and Weather

Causes of Global Climate Change

Evidence of Global Climate Change

Past and Present Effects of Climate Change

pollinators could result in injurious ecosystem effects.

Measuring historical climate change

Climate change and the Industrial Era

The main difference between climate and weather is:

A) climate can be predicted; weather cannot

B) climate is a long-term manifestation of weather patterns; weather is

C) climate is region-specific; weather is area-specific

D) climate indicates temperature; weather indicates atmospheric

The main difference between climate and weather is:

A) climate can be predicted; weather cannot

B) climate is a long-term manifestation of weather patterns; weather is

C) climate is region-specific; weather is area-specific

D) climate indicates temperature; weather indicates atmospheric

The primary mechanism that releases carbon dioxide is:

D) burning fossil fuels

The primary mechanism that releases carbon dioxide is:

D) burning fossil fuels

All of these gasses affect global climate change EXCEPT:

All of these gasses affect global climate change EXCEPT:

The time period between 1550 AD and 1850 AD was marked by

A) a global climate warming of 1 °C

B) a global climate cooling of 1 °C

C) a global climate cooling of 0.10 °C

D) a global climate warming of 0.10 °C

The time period between 1550 AD and 1850 AD was marked by

A) a global climate warming of 1 °C

B) a global climate cooling of 1 °C

C) a global climate cooling of 0.10 °C

D) a global climate warming of 0.10 °C

The increased use of coal (a fossil fuel) during the Industrial

The increased use of coal (a fossil fuel) during the Industrial

Climate change has been associated with how many planet-wide

Climate change has been associated with how many planet-wide

Which of these are present effects of climate change?

A) late flowering of plants

D) glacial melting and rising sea levels

Which of these are present effects of climate change?

A) late flowering of plants

D) glacial melting and rising sea levels

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