TOOTH MORPHOLOGY OF

PERMENANT CENTRAL INCISORS

(MAXILLARY&MANDIBULAR)
 Introduction
• Dental anatomy is defined as study of
development , morphology, function, and
identity of each of the teeth is in the human
dentitions,as well as the way in which the
teeth relate in shape , form, structure,color,
and function to the other teeth In the same
dental arch to the teeth in the opposing
arch(Wheeler’s 9th edition)
• Chronology of Permanent central incisors
1st Crown Erupti Root
evide compl on compl
Maxillary right central incisor- nce of eted eted
calcifi
(11) cation

Maxillary left central incisor- 3-4mo 4-5 yrs 7-8 yrs 10 yrs

(21)
Mandibular right central incisor-
3-4mo 4-5 yrs 6-7 yrs 9 yrs
(31)
Mandibular left central –
(41)
 PERMENANT
MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISOR
TOOTH NUMBERING :
UNIVERSAL SYSTEM - 8, 9

 ZSIGMONDY PALMER -1 1

 FDI SYSTEM -11,21

Average Dimensions (in mm)
Crown Root Mesiodistal Mesiodistal Labiolingual Labiolingual Curvature of
Length Length Diameter of Diameter at Diameter at Diameter at Cervical Line
crown Cervical Line Crest of Curvature Cervical Line M D

10.5 13.0 8.5 7.0 7.0 6.0 3.5 2.5

 Labial Aspect
CROWN
• Labial surface of crown is usually convex, especially toward
cervical 3rd, some central incisors are flat at middle &
incisal portions

• Mesial outline of crown is only slightly convex, with crest of

curvature (representing the contact area) approaching
mesioincisal angle
• Distal outline of the crown is more convex than mesial
outline, with the crest of curvature higher toward the
cervical line

Distal margin shorter

Mesial margin
& rounded
straight
• Distoincisal angle is not as sharp as the mesioincisal
angle

• Incisal outline is usually regular and straight in a

mesiodistal direction

Distoincisal angle Mesioincisal angle

more rounded less rounded
• Crown length is greater at center than at the two mesial
angles

• Cervical outline of the crown follows a semicircular

direction with the curvature root wise

Convexity in
cervical third

Widest anterior
teeth
• Developmental depressions - Two straight, shallow
depressions, which extend from incisal edge toward
gingival, and fade out in middle third

• Mesio-labial & Disto-labial developmental depressions,

and they represent division of the three labial lobes

3 2 1 Dl Ml

Ml & Dl: Developmental depressions; 1,2 & 3: Lobes (4th lobe not visible)
• Imbrication lines - Faint, curved lines which roughly
parallel the CEJ in cervical 3rd of surface & not always
present

• Height of contour - The height of contour of the labial

surface is located in the cervical third
 Lingual Aspect
CROWN
• The lingual outline is the reverse of that found on labial
aspect

• Lingual aspect has convexities and a concavity

• Outline of cervical line is similar, but immediately below
cervical line a smooth convexity is found – CINGULUM

CINGULUM
Cervical line convex

Labial aspect Lingual aspect

• Between marginal ridges, below cingulum, a shallow
concavity is present - lingual fossa
• Lingual fossa is bordered by :
Mesially : Mesial marginal ridge,
Incisally : Lingual portion of the
incisal ridge,
Distally : Distal marginal ridge,
Cervically : Cingulum.

• Developmental grooves extending

from the cingulum into the lingual
fossa
 Mesial Aspect
• Crown is wedge-shaped, or triangular, with
base of triangle at cervix and apex at
incisal ridge

• Line drawn through crown and root from

mesial aspect through center of tooth
bisect apex of root & incisal ridge of
crown
• lingual outline
Convex : crest of curvature at the cingulum
Concave : at Middle portion
Slightly convex : at linguo-incisal ridge &
incisal edge
• Cervical line mesially on maxillary central
incisor curves incisally to a noticeable
degree
 Distal Aspect
• The distal surface closely resembles mesial surface, with
following exceptions:

a.Distal surface is generally smaller than mesial surface,

because inciso-cervical dimension is shorter

b.Distal surface is more convex inciso-gingivally

c.The cervical margin does not curve
as far incisally

d.Because it contacts the lateral

incisor, which is a smaller tooth,
distal contact area is accordingly
smaller in size

• Curvature of cervical line outlining

the CEJ is less in extent on the
distal than on the mesial surfaces
 Incisal Aspect
• A view of the crown from this aspect superimposes it
over the root entirely so that root is not visible

• labial face of the crown is relatively broad & flat in

comparison with lingual surface, especially toward
incisal 3rd

• Cervical portion of crown labially is convex, although arc

described is broad
• Outline of lingual portion tapers lingually toward
cingulum

• Cingulum of crown makes up cervical portion of lingual

surface
• Crown of this tooth shows more bulk from incisal aspect
than from mesial or distal aspect

• The labiolingual calibration of crown is more than two

thirds as great as mesio-distal calibration

• The crown conforms to a triangular outline reflected by

outline of the root cross section at cervix
 Root
• The root is single, conical, relatively straight, and tapers
to a rounded apex

• Horizontal cross section of root near cervical line shows

a rounded triangular outline
• Normally, the root is wider at labial, which is the base of
the triangle, and narrower at lingual which is apex

• A mid root cross section usually reveals a somewhat

ovoid outline, which is wider labiolingually than
mesiodistally
PERMANENT MANDIBULAR
CENTRAL INCISORS
 Introduction
• Mandibular central incisors are two in number

• Mandibular central incisor and lateral are similar in

anatomy and complement each other in function

• They are smaller than the maxillary central incisors

• Mandibular central incisor erupts between the age of 7

and 8
TOOTH NUMBERING SYSTEMS
UNIVERSAL SYSTEM - 24,25

 ZSIGMONDY / PALMER - 11
 FDI SYSTEM - 31, 41

41 31
MANDIBULAR CENTRAL INCISOR
 Average Dimensions in
millimeters

Crown Root Mesiodistal Mesiodistal Labiolingual Labiolingual Curvature of

Length Length Diameter at Diameter at Diameter at Diameter at Cervical Line
Contact Area Cervical Line Crest of Curvature Cervical Line M D

9.0 12.5 5.0 3.5 6.0 5.3 3.0 2.0

 Labial Aspect
• Labial surface of mandibular central incisor is very small

• Narrowest tooth mesiodistally of all permanent teeth

• Bilaterally symmetrical

Narrowest tooth in the dentition

 Both mesioincisal and
distoincisal angles are
sharp

• It is the only incisor where both mesioincisal and

distoincisal angles are sharp and at right angles
 Lingual Aspect
• The lingual aspect is concave from the incisal edge to
the cervical line

• Cingulum is smooth and barely visible

 Shallow lingual fossa and
smooth cingulum

• The surface is smooth and devoid of any grooves

• No other tooth in the mouth, except the mandibular

lateral incisor, shows so few developmental lines and
grooves
 Mesial Aspect
• The labial outline is almost straight, except near cervical
third where it is convex

• The lingual margin is ‘S’ shaped

• The cervical line on the mesial and distal surface is

convex incisally

‘S’ shaped lingual

surface
Cervical line convex
incisally
 CONTACT AREA

Labial surface inclined

lingually

Mesial aspect
 Distal aspect
• Distal surface is very similar to the mesial surface

• The cervical line is less curved

CONTACT AREA
 Incisal aspect
• This aspect illustrates bilateral symmetry
of this tooth

• Labiolingual diameter is greater than

mesiodistal diameter

• Newly erupted teeth show mamelons

which wear off upon mastication
 Root
• Normally single and straight

• From labial or lingual view, root is generally

symmetrical & tapers gradually to a relatively
sharp apex

• From mesial or distal view, root is much wider & it is

slightly convex cervico-apically on both labial &
lingual margins
• Central portion of mesial and distal surfaces is usually
flattened, or concave

• In cross section at neck, outline is roughly a rectangle

with rounded corners, but it is slightly wider at labial than
at lingual.

• When there are root concavities present, they are

reflected as concavities in the mesial and distal outlines.

• The mid root cross section is similar to the cervical

section, only more ovoid.
 TRAITS
ARCH TRAITS

MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISOR MANDIBULAR CENTRAL INCISOR

1. Crown wider Mesiodistally than 1. Crown wider labiolingually than

labiolingually Mesiodistally

2. Lingual fossa pronounced often with 2. Lingual fossa shallow without grooves or
lingual pit pits

3. More prominent cingulum and 3. Not prominent

marginal ridges
 TYPE TRAITS
CROWN CENTRAL INCISOR LATERAL INCISOR

1. LABIAL ASPECT

Symmetry Symmetrical Bilaterally Asymmetrical

Mesioincisal angle Sharp(90 degrees) Some rounding

Distoincisal angle Sharp(90 degrees) More rounded

Mesial contact Incisal third Incisal third

Distal contact Incisal third Incisal third

2. INCISAL ASPECT Incisal ridge form right angle Incisal ridge twisted on crown
with labio-lingual bisecting line
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