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Lecture - 6 - Synchronous Machines
Lecture - 6 - Synchronous Machines
Synchronous Machines
N Non-uniform
air-gap
D 10 m
q-axis S S
Turbine
N
Hydro (water)
Hydrogenerator
Salient-Pole Synchronous Generator
Stator
Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generator
Turbine D1m
L 10 m
Steam d-axis
Stator winding
High speed N
Uniform air-gap
3600 r/min 2-pole
Stator
1800 r/min 4-pole
q-axis Rotor winding
Direct-conductor cooling (using
hydrogen or water as coolant) Rotor
Turbogenerator
Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generator
Stator
Cylindrical rotor
Operation Principle
nm P
fe
120
EA K f w
where f = flux in the machine (function of IF)
w = angular speed
Kc= synchronous machine constant
EA
IF
Saturation characteristic (generated voltage vs field current) of
a synchronous generator.
Voltage Regulation
A convenient way to compare the voltage behaviour of two
generators is by their voltage regulation (VR). The VR of a
synchronous generator at a given load, power factor, and at rated
speed is defined as
Vnl V fl
VR 100%
V fl
Where Vfl is the full-load terminal voltage, and Vnl (equal to Ef)
is the no-load terminal voltage (internal voltage) at rated speed
when the load is removed without changing the field current.
For lagging power factor (PF), VR is fairly positive, for unity
PF, VR is small positive and for leading PF, VR is negative.
Equivalent Circuit_1
motor
IA
jX jXl RA
+
+
IA
+ generator
EA Eres Vf
The voltages and currents of the three phases are 120o apart in angle,
but otherwise the three phases are identical.
+
VL-L
Vf
EA1 jXs RA
+
IA1
VL-L =1.732Vf
Determination of the parameters of the equivalent
circuit from test data
• The equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator that has been
derived contains three quantities that must be determined in order
to completely describe the behaviour of a real synchronous
generator:
– The saturation characteristic: relationship between IF and f (and
therefore between IF and EA)
– The synchronous reactance, Xs
– The armature resistance, RA
•
IF
+
Vdc Vt
Short-circuit test
IF
+ A
A
Vdc Isc
DC Test
– The purpose of the DC test is to determine RA. A variable DC voltage
source is connected between two stator terminals.
– The DC source is adjusted to provide approximately rated stator current,
and the resistance between the two stator leads is determined from the
voltmeter and ammeter readings
VDC
– then RDC
I DC
– If the stator is Y-connected, the per phase stator resistance is
RDC
RA
2
– If the stator is delta-connected, the per phase stator resistance is
3
RA RDC
2
Determination of Xs
• For a particular field current IFA, the internal voltage EA (=VA) could
be found from the occ and the short-circuit current flow Isc,A could
be found from the scc.
• Then the synchronous reactance Xs could be obtained using
V A E A
Z s , unsat R A2 X s2,unsat
I scA
EA or Vt (V) Air-gap line
OCC Isc (A) X s, unsat Z s2, unsat R A2
Vrated
SCC
: RA is known from the DC test.
VA
Isc,B
Since Xs,unsat>>RA,
Isc, A
E A Vt , oc
IFA IFB
IF (A) X s ,unsat
I scA I scA
Xs under saturated condition
EA or Vf (V) Air-gap line
OCC Isc (A)
At V = Vrated, Vrated SCC
Vrated E A
VA
Isc,B
Z s , sat R A2 X s2,sat Isc, A
I scB IFA IFB
IF (A)
Generator 1
b Load
c
Switch
a/
Generator 2 b/
c/
Synchronization
Generator Load
Rest of the
power system
Xs1
EA1
Xs2
Generator EA2
G
Xsn Infinite bus
EAn V, f are constant
Xs eq = 0
Concept of the infinite bus
Pm
Pe, Qe
Vt
Fig. Synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus.
Pm
Pe, Qe
Vt
Pm
Pe, Qe
The complex power output of the generator in volt- Vf
Vf E A sin d
P &
Xs
Vf E A cos d Vf2
Q
Xs
Active and reactive power-angle characteristics
Pm
Pe, Qe
Vf
Pull-out torque
as a generator
generator
p p/2
d d
0 p/2 p
motor
Pull-out torque
as a motor
Steady-state stability limit
3Vf E A
Total three-phase power: P sin d
Xs
3Vf E A
Pmax
Xs
The maximum power indicated by this equation is called steady-state stability
limit of the generator. If we try to exceed this limit (such as by admitting
more steam to the turbine), the rotor will accelerate and lose synchronism
with the infinite bus. In practice, this condition is never reached because the
circuit breakers trip as soon as synchronism is lost. We have to resynchronize
the generator before it can again pick up the load. Normally, real generators
never even come close to the limit. Full-load torque angle of 15o to 20o are
more typical of real machines.
Pull-out torque
The maximum torque or pull-out torque per phase that a two-pole
round-rotor synchronous motor can develop is
Pmax Pmax
max
wm 2p s
n
60
P or Q
d
Fig. Active and reactive power as a function of the internal angle
Example 5-2 (pp.291-294)
A 480 V, 60 Hz, -connected, four pole synchronous generator has the OCC
shown below. This generator has a synchronous reactance of 0.1 ohm and
armature resistance of 0.015 ohm. At full load, the machine supplies 1200 A
and 0.8 pf lagging. Under full-load conditions, the friction and windage
losses are 40 kW, and the core losses are 30 kW. Ignore field circuit losses.
a) What is the speed of rotation of the generator?
b) How much field current must be supplied to the generator to make the
terminal voltage 480 V at no load?
c) If the generator is now connected to a load and the load draws 1200 A at 0.8
pf lagging, how much field current will be required to keep the terminal
voltage equal to 480 V?
d) How much power is the generator now supplying? How much power is
supplied to the generator by the prime-mover? 600
What is the machine’s overall efficiency? 500
e) If the generator’s load were suddenly disconnected 400
from the line, what would happen to its terminal voltage? 300
200
100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Problem 5-2 (p.338)
Solution to Problem 5-2 (p.338)
Solution to Problem 5-2 (p.338) – Cont’d
Synchronous Motors
P, Q
Motor
Vt
EA BR
Fig. The phasor diagram (leading PF: overexcited and |Vt|<|EA|) and
the corresponding magnetic field diagram of a synchronous motor.
Vf
d jIA Xs
IA EA
Synchronous motors are usually used in large sizes because in small sizes
they are costlier as compared with induction machines. The principal
advantages of using synchronous machine are as follows: