Cutting tools

Maikol Jimenez 47171196

Andres Espitia 4716
Sebastian Gamba 4716
David Guacaneme 47171134
A cutting instrument is the element used to extract material from a piece when you
want to carry out a machining process. There are many types for each machine, but all
are based on a chip removal process. This is used to machine
Cutting geometry (Geometría del corte)

The basic shape of the cutting tool is a wedge , with two flat surfaces that delimit a dihedral angle . The main
form of attack is with the common edge parallel to the piece. The common edge is the main cutting edge or
edge (A1). It is the line where the main cut of the piece is produced as soon as there is a longitudinal advance,
that is, frontal to the piece. The main incidence surface (S1) is the face of the wedge that is in front of the
worked surface of the piece in front cut. The surface of detachment or attack (S2) is the other side of the
wedge, where the chip that is formed when the cut is detached from the piece. Generally, the chip slides on
this surface before detaching. When a transversal advance occurs, the contact is generated on the side of the
cutting part, with which we have the edge of secondary or contrafilo cut (A2): It is the edge where it is cut
when there is a transversal advance and the surface of incidence secondary (S3, the face that advances
perpendicularly with the transversal advance.
Type of tools (Tipos de herramientas)

Lathe (Torno):

The way to operate the lathe is by turning the piece to be machined

while the tool only makes longitudinal or transverse movements in
order to put in contact with the piece. Here the tools of some of the
main tasks with a lathe.
Cilindrado

This tool is used to split a circular bar to

obtain a smaller diameter. The piece is
rotating on itself and the tool advances
longitudinally with a certain advance so as
to reduce the diameter of the cylinder. This
is specifically for a longitudinal advance to
the left.
Boring (Mandrinado)

It serves to expand the diameter of a

hole. Contrary to the displacement, the
tool is placed inside the hole of the piece
(which rotates on itself), and makes a
longitudinal advance that makes the
diameter of the hole grow.
Outer Grooves(Ranurado exterior)

To create a groove in a cylindrical piece

this tool is used. While the piece rotates on
itself, the tool is introduced to the desired
depth and a longitudinal advance is made
until the desired width is achieved. It is
also possible to make a front groove, that
is, in the direction of the axis of revolution
of the piece.
Internal Grooves (Ranurados Interiores)

Similar to the external grooving, this

tool is inserted inside a hole, and the
groove is made inside.
Threaded (Roscado)

t serves to create threaded rods. The

mechanism that moves the tool, is coupled
to a thread bar. This allows that the
longitudinal speed of the tool and the angular
of the piece remain fixed in a certain relation,
so that a thread can be created. The tool
must leave with the same relation that has
entered since otherwise the thread would be
destroyed.
Bucking (Tronzado)

This tool acts in a similar way to the

grooving of exteriors, with the
difference that in the grooving only a
certain depth is reached, while in the
trunk a transversal advance is made
to reach the end and cut the piece.
Drill (Fresa):

he tool rotates in the milling cutter and the

workpiece remains still or moves towards the tool.
Front Mill (Fresa Frontal)

It has sharp edges on the sides and at the tip. This

allows it to be used for multiple applications. It is
possible to make grooves, holes, pave side and
front surfaces. The number of tips is variable,
generally they are of 2 or 4 points, and as soon as it
is necessary more precision there can be 6. There is
also another type, in which there are only lateral
edges but not in the tip, which is called cylindrical
milling cutter.
Dish to Plan (Plato de Planear)

It serves to create a flat surface on the

piece. The planing dish is placed at a
shallow depth of a practically smooth
face, and what you get is the perfectly
smooth face.
T shape (of the Woodruff type)
(Forma de T(Del tipo Wooddruff))

It serves to make grooves of the width of the

tool. The tool rotates on itself, while the piece
advances linearly, in this way the remaining
slot has the profile of the tool.
Fly Wing (Ala de mosca)

This tool serves to make triangle shapes, as

you can see with the profile of the tool.
Saw Blade (Disco de sierra)

It allows to make narrow cuts. The tips of the

radial saw are very thin, therefore the cutting
speeds can not be very high.
Biconical Drill (Fresa Bicónica)

In a similar way to the dovetail, it allows to make a

triangular shape, the difference is that it makes
the vertical cut while the dovetail makes it lateral.
Module Milling Cutter (Fresa de modulo)

It is used to carve gears . Different passes

are made so that the different teeth of the
gear are obtained.The so-called
"strawberry madre" is practically no longer
used today.
Chamfering Mill (Fresa de achaflanar)

This tool is used to make chamfers in

the piece, that is, it converts a sharp
edge into a face with a certain angle
and width
Drilling Machine (Taladradora)

The drill tools rotate on themselves as with the milling cutter. The
non-cutting end has a conical shape so that it engages with the tool
holder by means of self-retention. Its purpose is to make holes. To
make a hole with great precision, the natural order of use of the
tools would be drill bit, mandrel drill, and reamers
Drill (Broca)

It is the first tool to use when you want

to make a hole. It has two cutting
blades at the tip and a helical groove to
evacuate the chip. It has low accuracy,
with IT 9-10. If you want to make a
precise hole what you have to do is
choose a drill of smaller diameter than
the desired and then refine it with the
drill chuck and the reamer.
Mandrel Drill (Broca Mandril)

This tool serves to widen holes. Its end

is not so much pointed as the drill bit
since the hole is previously made and
what it does is remove material from
the sides. It generally increases the
diameter of the hole by 3 or 4
millimeters. This results in a quality of
IT 8-9, if you want to refine more you
have to pass the reamer.
Reamer (Escariador)

It is the final step to obtain a precise

hole. After making the hole with the
drill and broadening-with the mandrel
drill, with the reamer the diameter of
the hole is increased by 3 or 4 tenths
of a millimeter, thus obtaining grades
of IT 6-7.
 Materiales for Cutting tools (Materiales para
herramientas de corte)
In general, it is characteristic to classify materials for tools in increasing order of
cutting speed at which they can work. The same growing trend is met when
Consider the cost of the tools.
Other characteristics of the material of the tool that influence the behavior of the same
They are:
Capacity to dissipate heat
Acceptable edge sharpness
Resistance to wear and plastic deformation at cutting temperature
Tenacity
Compactness
Chemically inert with the material to be machined
Resistance to thermal shocks
Chemical stability to resist oxidation and corrosion
Carbon Steels(Aceros al carbono)

They are steels with percentage

contents of C between 0.7 and 1.2.
By means of the temple they acquire
elevated hardness, but its fragility
and its low resistance to hot work
has limited its use after the
appearance of other materials. The
correct tempering requires skill and
experience so your application will
it becomes even more difficult.
Fast steels (Aceros Rápidos)

It is named like this to a type of steels that

originally allowed to increase the cutting speeds
considerably compared to the materials known
until that moment, around the year 1900.
In the chemical composition of the fast steels the
following chemical elements can intervene:
Carbon, Silicon, Sulfur and Phosphorus,
Manganese, Chromium, Tungsten, Molybdenum,
Vanadium, Cobalt,
Nickel, Titanium, Boron. Each one contributes a
particular characteristic.
 Stellitas (Stellitas)

They are basically ternary alloys of Cr, Co and W.

The tool is obtained by casting. Only
They are machinable by abrasives.
It's cold hardness is between 57 and 60 HRC,
being somewhat less than fast steels. However, in
hot they retain higher values ​than those
The biggest drawback is that they are more fragile
than fast steels, so their use has gone
decreasing. They must work at high cutting speed
and with small advance. They are insensitive to
thermal treatments.
 Sintered Carbides (Hard Metal)
Carburos Sinterizados (Metal Duro)

These materials, commonly known as "widia" (from

German, wie diamant, like diamond),
they are composed of W, or Tantalum (Ta) and W carbides,
and even of Ti and Nb carbides (niobium),
agglomerates commonly with Co. They are also known by
the name of hard metals. The
carbides provide the necessary hardness while the Co
fulfills the function of binder.
The component carbides and the binder are finely ground
separately into particle size
1 to 10 microns, they are mixed and pressed obtaining
different shapes according to their use. This process of
Obtaining pieces formed by pressing from powders is
known as powder metallurgy.
 Ceramics (Cerámica)

They are materials obtained by sintering process at 1700 o C

of aluminum oxide powders or
silicon nitride between 90 and 99%, and additions of other
oxides such as Zirconium oxide, Chromium oxide,
Magnesium, Iron, etc.
In these materials, the hardness of the final compound
exceeds that of its individual components.
Aluminum oxide or alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), also called Corundum,
also used in molars abrasive, has a hardness superior to the
CW, but its fragility is also greater, which makes it sensitive to
shocks and vibrations, so use is limited to continuous
machining operations and on robust, stable, powerful
machines with high structural rigidity
Cermets (Cermets)

Cermet is the name assigned to hard metals where

hard particles are based on carbide
of titanium (TiC), titanium nitride carbide (TiCN) and /
or titanium nitride (TiN) instead of carbide
tungsten (WC). Its name comes from CERamic METal,
as ceramic particles in a
metallic binder. They are powder metallurgical
products, hard metals based on TiC instead of
WC, which are pressed and finally sintered obtaining
inserts. Components are added
high melting point metal such as Mo, Cr and V, and
non-metallic such as SiC, BoC, and silicates.
Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN)
(Nitruro de boro cúbico (CBN))

It is second in hardness after diamond, high hardness

at high temperatures (2000 o C), excellent wear
resistance and good chemical stability during
machining. It is more tenacious than ceramics despite
its greater hardness, but lower thermal and chemical
resistance. An important application is the turning of
hard pieces that previously had to be rectified.
Other typical applications are: Forged steels, hardened
steels and castings, metals powder metallurgical with
Co and Fe, rollers of pearlitic casting, and high-grade
alloys Heat resistance.
Polycrystalline diamond (PCD)
(Diamante Policristalino (PCD))

It has hardness very close to that of natural

monocrystalline diamond.
Therefore, it has high resistance to wear and is
used a lot as an abrasive for grinding wheels.
The fine diamond crystals are joined by
sintering, to high pressure and temperature. Its
orientation is disordered in order to eliminate
any direction that favors the fractures, resulting
in Uniform wear resistance and hardness in all
directions.
Diamond (Diamante)

Its hardness is the highest obtainable in cutting

tools, which gives a prolonged duration of edge.
Its main disadvantage is fragility, which makes it
unsuitable to resist vibrations. Its use is limited to
machining with continuous and low depth,
conditions that allow it respond to tolerances on
the order of ± 0.002mm, with surface finish
superior to grinding. They are used to machine
plastic materials, some bronzes,
Al alloys, Cu, Brass, Rubber, Asbestos, ebonite,
cardboard, etc.
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