1.

How do we define phonology and what are

the key components of the study of
Phonology?
• Phonology > what’s in a sound
 Cont..
• Articulatory phonetics, phonetic symbols,
Consonants, approximants, vowels, Syllables,
feet, Phonology, phonemes, allophones,
stress, intonation, phonological rules
 2. i) What is intonation?

- Intonation refers to the tune a

speaker uses when speaking.
 ii) What are the different basic
concepts regarding intonation?

• There are 2 basic patterns of intonation: rising

tune and falling tune
• Intonation patterns – expressed by variations
in; pitch, loudness, syllable length and speech
rhythm.
• From slide share; tone unit, tone boundaries,
tonic syllable, pre-head, head, tail
 iii) How do we indicate the different
patterns of intonation?
• Rising tune – to expect response, question, doubt
• Falling tune – statement
• Fall-rise tune – skepticism (unbelieveble)
• Rise-fall tune – emphatic
• Level – boredom, disinterest
3. What are the four main functions of
intonation? Give an example for each.
They can signal the division of utterances
into intonational phrases
 5. Divide the following utterance :
• i) The students who have not completed your
test must stay back ? – RISING TONE
• ii) Surprisingly, you’re today – FALL-RISE TONE
• iii) Since my dad was ill we decided to cancel
our trip to China – FALLING TONE
• iv) The child who was crying in the class is a
disabled child – RISE-FALL TONE
• v) Those who are interested please email me
today – FALLING TONE
6. What is stress and what is its role in
the study of speech ?
• Stress refers to the degree of prominence a syllable
has.
• Stress syllables are recognized as stressed because they
are more prominent than unstressed syllables.
• What make a syllable prominent ?
- Loudness – louder than other syllables
- Length – longer
- Pitch – of different pitch from the other syllables
- Quality – by contrast with the other background
syllables