Introduction to Materials

VII. Ceramics

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Ceramics

Glass Products
 They are amorphous silicates containing other oxides CaO, Na2O,
K2O and Al2O3.
 Transparent.

SiO2 Na2O CaO PbO B2O3

Soda Glass 70 14 16 - -

Lead Silicate 65 8 - 27 -

Borosilicate 80 4 - - 16

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Glasses
 Glass Forming, is done at the working range

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Introduction to Materials

Crystalline Ceramics

 Crystalline Ceramics
 Oxides; SiO2, Al2O3
 Carbides; TiC, SiC, B4C
 Borides; TiB2, ZrB2
 Nitrides; Si3N4,TiN
 Ceramics are very hard and brittle.
 However, several others like graphite and talc are solid lubricants
 Mica is also a ceramic >> KAl(Si3AlO10)OH2

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Production of Crystalline Ceramics

 Clay Products
 Hydroplastic Forming
 Slip Casting
 Drying and Firing
 Powder Ceramics, is obtained from their powder form by;
 Powder pressing
 Sintering

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Powder Compaction

 Pressing of powders is carried out in a close die.

 The design of the shape is important so that it can be ejected from
the die.
 As the amount of press increased, the green density of the
compacted powder increase.
 The ejected specimen is called GREEN COMPACT. It is fragile to
handle. It must be sintered to gain strength

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Solid State Sintering

 In sintering of green compact, the surface area (and surface energy)

of the powders is the driving force.
 Due to high surface energy, the system tries to minimize the total
surface area.
 At high temperatures, solid state sintering takes place and bonding
between powder particles form
 As sintering continues, the amount porosity of the system decrease
and more bonding takes place.
 At the end of sintering, higher strength is obtained with minimum
porosity

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Introduction to Materials

Compaction of powder
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Introduction to Materials

Solid State Sintering of Powder

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Introduction to Materials

Liquid Phase Sintering

 In liquid phase sintering, the powder consists of two different phases:

 A HIGH Melting Point constituent
 A LOW Melting Point constituent
 At high temperatures, the low melting point constituent melts and
surrounds the second phase.
 At the end of sintering, higher strength is obtained with very low
porosity.

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Introduction to Materials

Liquid Phase Sintering

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Introduction to Materials

Liquid Phase Sintering

 In liquid phase sintering, there is less porosity than solid state

sintering.
 The part also have higher strength due to less porosity.

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Introduction to Materials

Mechanical Properties of Ceramics.

 Porosity in ceramics is the most important parameter that control the

properties.

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Introduction to Materials

Mechanical Properties of Ceramics.

The effect of prorosity on elastic modulus and fracture

strength of ceramics.
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Advanced Ceramics

 Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS):

 Microdevices are shaped using photoresist methods.

Core of a 3-axis MEMS accelerometer.

(www.icmechanics.com)
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 Introduction to Materials

Advanced Ceramics

 Piezoelectric Sensors:
 It is the ability to generate an electric field under mechanical
stress.

Piezoelectric response. (a) No load. (b) Positive voltage generation under

compression. (b) Negative voltage generation under tension. (c) and
(d) Change in dimensions when an external voltage is applied.
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(f)Prof.Dr.
Continuous
Bilgehan Ögel movement under alternating current.
Introduction to Materials

Advanced Ceramics

 Piezoelectric Sensors:
 Lead Zirconate Titanate ceramic is a typical example for such
ceramics.
 Piezo based ignition.
 Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor

Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor

(www.kistler.com)
(Pressure Range:0...100bar,
Temp: -40C...+125C

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 Introduction to Materials

Advanced Ceramics

 Optical Fibers:
 An optical fibre consists of a
core (carrying the signals) and
cladding (reflecting the light The concentric structure of an
pulses back into the core). To optical fibre.
confine the signal into the core,
the refractive index of the core
must be larger than the
cladding.
 More than 10 million messages
can be transmitted.
 Also, optical fibers are immune
to electromagnetic interference.
 Imaging in medical applications?

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Introduction to Materials

Advanced Ceramics

 Ceramic Ball Bearings:

 An Aluminum Oxide cutting tool will be produced.

Would you produce it by casting? If you dont agree, please suggest a
production method.

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Introduction to Materials

Questions

1. Why a glass bottle can be shaped by blowing, but an Al tube

cannot?
2. Why a borosilicate glass is thermal shock resistant?
3. An Aluminum Oxide cutting tool will be produced. Would you
produce it by melting and casting? If you dont agree, please
suggest a production method.
4. What do you understand from % theoretical density of a PM steel
product?
5. Why PM of complex parts made of stainless steels are more
advantageous with respect to machining?

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