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Mass Spec Lecture
Mass Spec Lecture
Spectrometry
Parts of
Elucidation
Structure
Background
Mass spectrometry (Mass Spec or MS)
uses high energy electrons to break a
molecule into fragments.
H H H H
-
H C C H + e + H
H C C
H H H H
m/z = 29
H H
m/z = 15 H C + C H (not detected by MS)
H H
Background
Molecular ion (parent ion):
The radical cation corresponding to the
mass of the original molecule
H H H
H C H H C C H
H H H
The molecular ion is usually the highest
mass in the spectrum
Some exceptions w/specific isotopes
Some molecular ion peaks are absent.
Background
Mass spectrum of ethanol (MW = 46)
M+
2-bromopropane
M+ ~ M+2
Cl M+
M+2
M+
S
Unusually
large M+2
ICH2CN I+
H H H
H C Br H C H C
or
M+
Fragmentation Patterns
Aromatics may also have a peak at m/z = 77 for
the benzene ring.
77
NO2
M+ = 123
77
Fragmentation Patterns
Alcohols
Fragment easily resulting in very small or
missing parent ion peak
May lose hydroxyl radical or water
M+ - 17 or M+ - 18
Commonly lose an alkyl group attached to
the carbinol carbon forming an oxonium
ion.
1o alcohol usually has prominent peak at
m/z = 31 corresponding to H2C=OH+
Fragmentation Patterns
MS for 1-propanol
CH3CH2CH2OH
H2C OH
M+-18 M+
72
Fragmentation Patterns
Ethers
a-cleavage forming oxonium ion
MS of diethylether (CH3CH2OCH2CH3)
H O CHCH3
Fragmentation Patterns
Aldehydes (RCHO)
Fragmentation may form acylium ion
RC O
Common fragments:
M+ - 1 for RC O
H H O
C C C H
M+ = 134
H H
133 105
91
Loss of R’ forming RC O
Fragmentation Patterns O
CH3CCH2CH2CH3
MS for 2-pentanone
CH3C O
CH3CH2CH2C O
M+
Loss of R’
peak at M+ - R’
Frgamentation Patterns
77 105
O
C O CH3
77
M+ = 136
105
Step 1: n = 106/13 = 8 (R = 2)
Step 2: m = 8 + 2 = 10
Formula: C8H10
Rule of Thirteen
Example: A compound with a molecular ion
peak at m/z = 102 has a strong peak at
1739 cm-1 in its IR spectrum. Determine
its molecular formula.
Aturan-aturan umum untuk meramalkan
puncak-puncak utama dari spektrum
Spesies elektron genap lebih suka pecah menjadi ion lain dan molekul netral
A+ → B .+ + C .
Genap genap genap
Ion radikal yaitu spesies elektron ganjil, dapat melepaskan molekul netral dan ion radikal sebagai hasil ikutan.
A .+ → B .+ + C .
ganjil ganjil genap