-II

II

PREPARED BY:
CARAMAT, EXEQUIEL KIRBY E.
Difference between FDDI 1 and
FDDI 2
 FDDI-II is the second generation protocol of FDDI.
 FDDI II is an extension of FDDI that contains additional specifications
for real-time transmission of analog data in digitized form. This
transmission could be used for digitized sound.
 FDDI II provides isochronous transmission for connectionless data
circuits and connection-oriented voice and video circuits. Compare
with FDDI.
What is FDDI 2?

 FDDI-II is the second generation protocol of FDDI. It is a more recent

development of FDDI that adds the capability to handle voice
signals and video by adding necessary circuit-switched services to
the network. This makes FDDI-2 very well suited for large scale
Internet Service Provider (ISP) Internet backbone implementation
scenarios.

 FDDI-II has a new mode of operation called the Hybrid Mode. In

addition to asynchronous and synchronous types of frames, hybrid
mode uses a 125 microsecond cycle to transport isochronous traffic.
FDDI-II
 Extension of FDDI to support isochronous traffic
 Isochronous service required when there are strict timing constraints
 Application areas such as multimedia where data, digitized sound,
graphics and video are integrated
 Two modes are supported:
 Basic - FDDI
 Hybrid - FDDI plus isochronous
 HRC(Hybrid Ring Controller) - required to interface between PHY
and MAC layers
 HMUX(Hybrid Multiplexer)- splits data to P-MAC (packet MAC) or I-MAC
(Isochronous) MAC sublayers.
FDDI-II
Transmission Rates
 DPG(Dedicated Packet Group) has12 bytes to 768 kbps
 Each WBC(Wide Band Channel) transmits 96 bytes to 6144 kbps
 WBCs may be allocated to packet or isochronous traffic
 Cycle header indicates traffic type of each WBC
 Each WBC may be sub-divided into low capacity channels in multiples
(or sub-multiples) of 64kbps.
 Total 0.768+(16*6.144) = 99.072 Mbps or 100Mbps
Periodic Cycle

 Information is carried in periodic frames called cycles

 One cycle is generated every 125 microseconds
 At 100 Mbps a 125 us cycle can carry 12000 bits or 3125 symbols
CYCLE STRUCTURE

 A cycle is divided into:

 5 preamble symbols
 24 symbol (12 byte) cycle header
 24 symbols for packet type data channel DPG(Dedicated Packet
Group)
 16 WBC(Wide Band Channels)-each 96 bytes wide (3072 symbols)
 Total 5+24+24+3072 = 3125 symbols
CYCLE STRUCTURE
CYCLE STRUCTURE

 PA --- Preamble: 4 or more symbols of Idle.

 SD --- Starting Delimiter: The symbols ’I’ and ’L’.

 FC --- Frame Control: 2 symbols describing what type the token is.

 ED --- Ending Delimiter: two ’T’ symbols.

 The Preamble is transmitted by the Token originator as a minimum of
16 symbols of Idle. Physical Layers of subsequent repeating stations
may change the length of the Idle pattern consistent with Physical
Layer clocking requirements. Thus, repeating stations may see a
variable length preamble that is shorter or longer than the originally
transmitted preamble.
 The Starting Delimiter of a token is an indicator of the start of the
token. It consists of the symbols ’I’ and ’L’ and these symbols will not
be seen anywhere else but at the start of a frame or token.
 The Frame Control tells what kind of token it is. A frame control of
(hex) 80 is a Non-restricted Token, while a frame control of (hex) C0
is a Restricted Token.
 The Ending Delimiter consists of two ’T’ symbols. These ’T’ symbols
indicate that the token is complete. Any data sequence that does
not end with these ’T’ symbols is not a considered a token.
FRAME FORMAT
FDDI-II

 PA --- Preamble: 4 or more symbols of Idle.

 SD --- Starting Delimiter: The symbols ’I’ and ’L’.
 FC --- Frame Control: 2 symbols describing what the INFO field will be.
 DA --- Destination Address: 12 symbols indicating who the recipient of
the frame will be.
 SA --- Source Address: 12 symbols indicating who sourced the frame.
 INFO --- Information Field: 0 to 4478 bytes of information.
 FCS --- Frame Check Sequence: 8 symbols of Cyclic Redundancy
Check.
 ED --- Ending Delimiter: a ’T’ symbol.
 FS --- End of Frame Sequence: 3 indicator symbols.
Higher Effective Sustained Data
Throughput
 Another factor in FDDI’s favor was that it used a much larger frame
size than Ethernet which meant that it was capable of much higher
effective sustained throughput rates than standard 100Mbit/sec
Ethernet. Administrators also had the option of using the secondary
ring for data transport rather than having it stand idly by thereby
doubling transmission capacity to 200Mbit/sec.
Coverage and Scalability

 Not only can FDDI traverse large distances it also scales much better
than 100Mbit/sec Ethernet. This means it provides superior support
for expanding enterprise networks consisting of hundreds or
thousands of users. This is a fact not lost on ISPs now that FDDI-II has
added the capacity to carry both voice and video traffic.
Spanning Large Distances

 With the fiber optic technologies currently available today signal

degradation and regeneration issues are not what they once were
and so the distance factor that so limits copper-based media is of
negligible consequence where fiber optic transmission is
concerned. This makes fiber optic based transmission media the
media of choice when it comes to “long haul” applications such as
intercontinental, cross-continental and oceanic (marine) backbone
links.
Advantage and Disadvantage

Advantages Disadvantages
 High bandwidth  Always have a multiple failures as the
ring grows

 Larger distance between FDDI nodes

because of very low attenuation  Companies prefer to use copper CDDI
if they are taking the ring approach

 Improved signal to noise ratio

because of no interference from  High cost of optical components
external radio frequencies and required for transmission/reception of
electromagnetic noise signal

 Has error-detection and error  More complex to implement

correction capabilities
Summary
FDDI-II is a more recent development of FDDI that has added support
for circuit-switched services thereby enabling FDDI-II to carry both
voice and video signals as well. This means that it is admirably suited
to large scale ISP Internet backbone implementation scenarios as it
provides for scalability, coverage, geographical spanning (particularly
now that modern fiber-optic cabling has overcome signal attenuation
and regeneration issues), fault tolerance (the redundant secondary
ring), speed, bandwidth (multi-mode fiber-optics), cost effectiveness,
improved security (particularly in comparison with copper and wireless
Summary
 A throughput and delay analysis of FDDI and FDDI-II is presented
under mixed traffic. The case of voice/data transmission is
considered, and the throughput and delay behavior of FDDI, under
packetized voice transmission, and FDDI-II, under isochronous voice
transmission, is examined.
 The performance of the two networks is then investigated under the
transmission of voice, data, and video. Two transmission alternatives
are considered. In the first, all three types of information are
transmitted in packets over an FDDI network. In the second, the
isochronous slots of FDDI-II carry the voice and video.
Summary
 One of the main objectives of FDDI (fiber distributed data interface)
and FDDI-II is to support the transmission of the critical information.
The performance of the two networks under the transmission of
data, voice, and control information with requirements more
stringent than voice delay requirements is studied.
 Three different transmission alternatives are considered. In the first
case all three types of information are transmitted in packets over
an FDDI network. In the second case voice is carried by the
isochronous slots of FDDI-II.
 In the third case the isochronous slots of FDDI-II carry both the voice
and control information. A throughput and delay analysis is
presented and used to evaluate the effect of various system
parameters on the performance of both networks as well as to
compare their throughput and delay performance