Element of noun Phrase

Gender Number
nouns nouns

Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

Gender nouns in English Language

The Old English has a very clear distinction in gender nouns.

The sun = Seo Sunne
In modern English, the use of grammatical gender only limited to
pronouns and nouns.
In English language, gender noun is divided into 4 types which are
feminine, masculine, neuter and common.
Types Definition Example
Masculine All males or only male animate nouns or The man lost his late mother’s
pronouns. watch.

Feminine All females or only females animate nouns and She is a widow at the age of 18
pronouns. years old.

Common Nouns and pronouns that either female or Both Maria and Luqman work
male animate nouns. In simple, the noun used as a doctor but in a different
is general. hospital.

Neuter All inanimate nouns and pronouns that doesn’t The weak fears happiness itself
belong to any gender category. Usually, this
neuter gender consists of materials or
concepts.
 Gender Nouns in Bahasa Melayu
o No gender nouns because pronouns in Malay is neuter
for both male and female.
Amirul merupakan anak lelaki sulung dalam
keluarganya.
o Simply add the noun lelaki to differentiate between son
and daughter.
o Malay language use nya as a possessive nouns for both
male and female.
o In some cases, there is a limited use gender nouns in
Malay language by adapting or borrowing affixes from
other languages like Sanskrit.
• Seniman = actor
• Seniwati = actress
In the study of Gender analysis in Malay
Language from the aspects of lexical and
semantics :
limited element of gender nouns from the
aspects of lexical and semantics in family
context such as :
• Masculine = Datuk, abah, abang
• Feminine = nenek, emak, kakak
• Nueter = adik
However, there is no differences in gender
pronouns in Malay language.
Number nouns
A property of nouns to indicate the number
of nouns either it is singular or plural.
Singular :
Sebuah buku baru
A new book • In English language, there is also a noun called generic
In describing the singularity of the book, nouns.
there is a use of determiner article a in • Used to make generalization or stating universal truths.
English and classifier sebuah in Malay. • This noun can be in singular and plural by using articles
or with zero articles.

A book is a window into a new world.

• Plural :
In this sentence, a book is the generic nouns because a book
They went to the beach together here doesn’t mean one book, but book in general.
Mereka pergi ke pantai bersama-sama.
• There is no explanation on the application of generic
nouns in Malay language.
In describing the plurality of the pronouns,
English used the pronoun they while malay
used mereka.
 Countable and Uncountable nouns in English Language
• In English language, the countable nouns can be Uncountable nouns is usually in singular form.
in the form of singular and plural. She need a cup of water and a teaspoon of sugar.
She owns 2 houses A= quantifier article
cup = quantifier determiner (singular form of the noun )
 countable noun in plural form. water = the uncountable noun
The car is hers
A = quantifier article
 countable noun in singular form with determiner teaspoon = quantifier determiner
of article the. sugar = uncountable noun
.

Countable and uncountable depends on the context. People spend more time socializing through
Do you have a good time at school? social media than in real life.
In this example, time is countable in the context of time In this example, time is uncountable.
spent at school.
Countable and Uncountable nouns in Bahasa Melayu

1) Penjodoh bilangan ( collective nouns )

Collective noun or quantifier can be countable and uncountable nouns.

Secawan gula
= A cup of sugar
• Uncountable noun as sugar is uncountable
Sepotong kek
= A piece of cake
• = Countable noun as cake can be counted.
Countable and Uncountable nouns in Bahasa Melayu
2 ) Kata Bilangan
Types Categories Examples Translation
Kata bilangan tentu Countable nouns with Rumah Ahmad ada 12 bilik Ahmad’s house has 12
definite numbers tidur. bedrooms.
Kata bilangan tak tentu Countable or uncountable Countable : Few students
nouns with indefinite Beberapa orang pelajar Most of the time
numbers Uncountable :
Banyak masa
Kata bilangan himpunan Countable nouns Berkotak-kotak mercun Boxes of firecrackers

Kata bilangan pecahan Nouns with fractions. Can Lina membeli setengah Lina bought half kilogram
be both nouns kilogram beras. of rice.

Lina membeli setengah Lina bought half kilogram

kilogram buah anggur. of grapes
Kata bilangan pisahan Usually in countable nouns Setiap pelajar perlu Every student must adhere
mematuhi peraturan to the school rules.
sekolah.