Professional Documents
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Clutch
Clutch
UNIT-5
POWER TRAINS:
General Arrangement of Clutch, Principle of Friction
clutches, Torque transmitted, Constructional details, Fluid
flywheel, Single plate, Multi plate and Centrifugal
clutches
Gear box: Necessity for gear ratios in transmission,
Synchronous gear boxes, 3,4 and 5 speed gear boxes,
Free Wheeling mechanism, Planetary gears systems,
over drives, fluid coupling and torque converters,
Epicyclic gear box, principle of automatic transmission,
calculation of gear ratios, Numerical calculations for
torque transmission by clutches.
Introduction
A Transmission system uses a clutch, gear box,
propeller shaft and a differential gear to transmit
power from engine to the road wheels
The power may be transmitted to rear or front or
all four wheels depending on the drive used
The clutch and gear box varies the ratio of torque
output to torque input
The propeller shaft transmits final torque to the
rear axle from gear box
A differential gear equally distributes the final
torque between the road wheels.
Functions of Transmission System
It disconnects engine from driving wheels when
required
The engine is connected to driving wheels when
required
It changes ratio of torque output to torque input, as
desired
It turns the drive through a right angle
Clutch
A clutch is a mechanical
device which transmits motion
from one shaft to the other which are along a straight
line or same axis of rotation.
1. Friction Clutches:
a. Single plate clutch
b. Multi plate clutch----i)Wet ii)Dry
c. Cone clutch---i)External ii) Internal
2. Centrifugal Clutch
3. Semi-centrifugal clutch
4. Conical spring clutch or diaphragm clutch
a. Tapered finger type
b. Crown spring type
5. Positive Clutch—Dog and spline clutch
6.Hydraulic clutch
7.Electro magnetic clutch
8.Vaccum clutch
9. Over running clutch or free wheel clutch
Single Plate Clutch
Working
It has only one clutch plate mounted on the splines of clutch shaft.
Pressure plate is bolted to the flywheel through clutch springs and is
free to slide on the clutch shaft when the clutch pedal is operated.
When the clutch pedal is pressed, the pressure plate moves back
against the force of the springs and clutch plate becomes free
between the flywheel and the pressure plate.
Thus, the flywheel remains rotating as long as the engine is running
and the clutch shaft speed reduces slowly and finally stops rotating.
As soon as the pedal is pressed, clutch is said to be disengaged
otherwise it remains engaged due to spring forces.
Used in Ford V8 truck, Tata trucks, Premier President, Hindustan
Ambassador, Bajaj Matador, Mahindra Jeep
Cover assembly of single plate clutch
Multiplate Clutch
Working
The centrifugal clutch uses centrifugal force instead of spring force for
keeping it in the engaged position. Also it does not require clutch pedal to
operate it.
The clutch is operated automatically depending upon the engine speed. The
engine can be stopped in gear without stalling the engine.
Similarly vehicle can be started in any gear pressing the accelerator pedal.
It consists of weight A pivoted at B. When the engine speed increases the
weights fly off due to the centrifugal force, operating the bell crank lever P
which presses the plate C.
The movement of the plate C presses the spring E Which ultimately presses
the clutch plate D on the flywheel against spring G. This makes the Clutch
engaged.
The spring G keeps the clutch disengaged at low speeds at about 500 rpm.
Stop H limits the movement of the weights due to the centrifugal force.
Semi-Centrifugal clutch
Clutch operation methods
Mechanically
Electromagnetic operation
Hydraulic operation
Vacuum operation
Clutch by wire
Electromagnetic clutch
Hydraulically operated single plate clutch
Vacuum operation clutch
Clutch by wire
In this system there is no mechanical link between the
clutch and the pedal
The clutch pedal is electronically controlled by means of
an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) and an actuator
A sensor on the pedal measures its exact position which
is transmitted to ECU
Information about the car’s behavior from other sensors
is also transmitted to ECU, which then operates the
clutch through the actuator
Advantages are improved drive ability, better pedal
feel and less wear due to absence of mechanical
linkage
Wet clutch
Description Wet clutch Dry clutch
Heat dissipation Good Bad
Life Longer life Short
Torque Lower Higher
transmission
Clamping force More Less
Coefficient of Less due to oil More
friction presence
Coil spring single plate clutch
Diaphragm clutch
Advantages of diaphragm w.r.t coil spring
T= 2 /3 µ W(ro3-ri3)/(ro2-ri2)
T= µWR
Effective Mean Radius R=2/3(ro3-ri3)/(ro2-ri2)
Uniform Rate of Wear: Pr= constant
Axial load on clutch W= 2πPr(ro -ri)
Torque Transmitted
T= µ W(ro+ri)/2
T= µWR
Effective Mean Radius R= (ro+ri)/2
T=2µWR
Problem-1
The engine of a car employing a single plate friction
clutch develops maximum torque of 150Nm. External
diameter of the clutch plate is 1.2 times its internal
diameter. Determine the dimensions of the clutch plate
and the axial force provided by the springs. The
maximum allowable pressure intensity for the clutch
facings is 100KPa and coefficient of friction is 0.3.
Assume uniform wear.
Problem-2
An automobile clutch has a clutch plate of 160mm
inside and 240 mm outside diameter. Six springs in
the clutch provide a total force of 4.8KN, when the
clutch is new and each spring is compressed 5 mm. the
maximum torque developed by the automobile engine
is 250 Nm. Determine
i. Factor of safety for the new clutch and
ii. The amount of wear of the clutch facing that will
take place before the clutch starts slipping.
Assume coefficient of friction for the facing is 0.3
Problem-3
Determine the size of the clutch plate suitable for an
Ambassador car employing a single plate type of
friction clutch and developing 37.5 KW at 4200rpm.
The inside diameter of the clutch plate is 0.6 times its
outside diameter and it is to be ensured that even
after a loss of 30% of the engine torque due to wear
of the clutch facing, the clutch does not slip. The
intensity of pressure on the facing is not to exceed
70kPa. Assume µ=0.3
Problem-4
Single plate friction clutch is to be designed for an Ashok
Leyland bus developing 80.85 kW at 2400 rpm. The
maximum torque developed however is 376 Nm at 1600
rpm. A maximum wear of clutch facing of 3 mm is to be
allowed, when the clutch must transmit at least 25%
excess torque. A pressure intensity of 190kPa can be
safely allowed and ratio Inside dia/ outside dia= 0.6 is
considered reasonable.
a) Calculate clutch plate dimensions
b) If 9 springs are used and initial spring force is to be
1.2 times the spring force after allowable wear of 3
mm, find out the spring stiffness. Assume µ=0.35.
Design details of Multi plate clutch