Basic Hand Tools

ELT
COLLISION REPAIR
 Goals
• identify and describe use of common
hand tools
• identify and describe use of vices and
clamps
• identify and describe use of selected
specialty tools
• describe safe use of tools
• describe maintenance and storage of
tools
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3
 ¼ Inch Drive
• Available in 6 or 12
point sockets
• Shallow, semi-deep
and deep sockets
available
• Maximum torque
range is approx. 20
ft lbs.

4
 3/8 Drive
• Sockets come in 6
and 12 point
varieties
• Shallow, semi deep,
and deep sockets
• Maximum torque
range is approx. 60
ft lbs.

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 Universals
• Come in all sizes, ¼,
3/8, and ½”
• Impact or chrome
finish
• Allow access to
difficult to reach
fasteners

6
 Sockets
• Shallow
• Semi-deep
• Deep
• 6 point
• 12 point
• Impact
• Chrome

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 Sockets
• Available in shallow,
semi-deep and deep
configurations
• Impact or chrome
finish
• 6, 8, or 12 point
types

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Identify Basic Hand Tools

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 Wrenches
• Top quality wrenches are forged from
fine-grade tool steel, machined to close
tolerances, hardened and tempered for
long service life.
• Types include open-end, box- end,
combination box/open end, adjustable,
socket and locking grip styles.

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 Box open

Double open ended

Double box end

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Offset wrench

40°

12
 6 and 12 point ends
• See how much greater
flexibility a 12 point box
end gives the operator
• 12 point gives the
advantage of moving
the fastener in 30°
degree increments as
opposed to 60° for the
6 point

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 Box-end Wrenches
• Made to grip all sides of nut or bolt head
• Prevents slippage
• Must be slipped over the end of nut or bolt-
head
• Box end wrenches will normally have two
different sizes per wrench
• Size of wrench refers to nut or bolt head
dimensions

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 Box-end Wrenches
• Available as 6 or12 point design
• 6 point gives better grip
• 12 point gives more versatility as it is
only required to turn 300 to its next
available position while 6 point must
turn 600
• Available as ratchet design

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 Open-end wrenches
• do not provide as strong a grip as a box-
ended wrench
• slip on the nut or bolt head from the side
• two flat surfaces parallel to each other hold
onto parallel sides of nut or bolt-head
• tend to slip or round the corners if too much
pressure is required
• easier to use most instances

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 Double Open End
• Wrench angle may
vary from 15-80
degrees
• Wrench will have
two different sizes
listed on the handle

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 Combination Wrench
• box end on one end and open end on
the other
• both ends will usually be the same size
• gives the advantage of wrench that will
not slip as easily to start a nut, but one
that is easier to slide on and off the nut
once it has been loosened

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 Adjustable Wrench
• (crescent wrench)
• has provision for adjusting the opening
for different size nuts or bolt heads
• length of wrench will correspond with
jaw capacity
• do not use where components are tight
and will require sizeable force to break
them free
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 Adjustable Wrench
• unless jaw is tightened to nut, etc,
there is potential for slipping on
fastener, which will usually damage
fastener
• do not use on brass or soft material

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 Adjustable Wrench
• for light loads can be used in either
direction
• greatest strength is with pressure being
applied to side of wrench with fixed jaw
• adjustment mechanism should be
cleaned periodically and lightly oiled

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 Tubing Wrench
• half way between a box-end and
combination wrench
• designed to grab on five of the six sides
of a fitting
• especially designed for used on line
fittings
• always use for brass and copper fittings
• less chance of damage to fitting
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 Socket Wrench
• come in a great variety
• designed to fit around the fastener and
give force to all sides
• will fit into recesses
• have swivel attachments
• deep sockets where longer number of
threads are showing
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 Socket Wrench
• different number of points available
• 4 and 8 point sockets are designed for 4
sided fasteners
• 6 and 12 point sockets are designed for
6 sided fasteners
• 4 and 6 point sockets will be stronger
because of the amount of metal

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•
Socket Wrench
two types of construction - regular and
impact
• impact sockets are designed for use with
impact wrenches
• thicker walls and heavier construction allow
them to absorb the shock of an impact gun
• impact sockets are not chrome plated as the
plating may crack and flake off
• never use regular sockets with impact tool

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 Socket Wrench
• sockets attach to a handle with a square drive
• common drive sizes range from 1/4” to 3/4”
• drive handle are the same for both metric and
imperial
• several types of handles available
• flex handle, ratchet, speed
• many adapters available
• extensions, u-joints etc.

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 Pipe Wrench
• used for turning pipe and other round objects
• teeth on the jaw will dig into the the material
being tightened and may damage it
• do not use a pipe wrench to turn a bolt or a
nut unless the components is already
damaged
• do no use on hardened surfaces - may dull or
chip the jaw teeth

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 Hexagon Key Wrench
(Allen Wrench)
• Six sides - L-shaped
• fit into a hexagon hole in a Allen screw
• available as imperial or metric
• sized according to distance between
parallel sides
• available as socket style wrenches

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 Hexagon Key Wrench
(Allen Wrench)
• use the short end of the wrench on the screw
for breaking loose or final tightening
• use the long end of the wrench in the screw
to spin the tools quickly for fast removal and
install of allen screw
• Allen screws usually need to be only released
one or two turns to loosen the part they are
holding

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 Maintaining Wrenches
• Keep clean - dirty wrenches can slip and
cause damage and contamination of the
work piece
• Always use the correct size and type of
wrench for the job
• Do not use a hammer on a wrench
• Do not use a pipe or other means of
extending a wrench for greater leverage
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Maintaining Wrenches (cont’d)
• Adjustable wrenches and pipe wrenches
should be cleaned and lightly oiled
• Do not use a wrench as a hammer
• Do not use a socket as a bushing driver
• Hexagon or Allen wrenches can be
reconditioned when the tip becomes
damaged
• Grind back to obtain a true hexagon shape

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Maintaining Wrenches (cont’d)
• Hexagon or Allen wrenches can be
reconditioned when the tip becomes
damaged
• Grind back to obtain a true hexagon
size and shape
• Keep cool during grinding to avoid
removing temper

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 Pliers
• pliers available as many different types
and sizes
• used for holding, gripping, cutting, and
crimping
• usually forged from hardened steel and
then machined

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 Slip-joint Pliers
• most common general purpose pliers
• adjusted to two size of jaw openings
• jaws have hardened cross teeth to help
in gripping the object
• jaws can damage soft materials
• never use pliers for turning nuts or bolts
• teeth will round off corners and damage
bolt or nut
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 Interlocking Slip-joint Pliers
• commonly referred to as water pump
pliers or channel locks
• can be opened to a number of positions
while keeping the jaws parallel with
each other
• longer handles to aid in gripping when
opened for larger objects

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 Needle-nose Pliers
• available in a variety of sizes
• some incorporate a wire cutter
• used to hold objects that are in tight
confines, etc.
• available as round nose pliers
• useful for bending wires into curves

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 Side Cutting Pliers
• diagonal cut head or face
• hardened steel cutting edges
• allow to cut wire etc. close to the
surface

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 Locking Pliers
• commonly called vise-grips
• useful for holding panels or sheet metal
in place
• can hold objects in place when you are
working alone and cannot reach both
inside and outside at same time
• Very common in Collision Repair
• straight, curved, needle nose, flat
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 Specialized Pliers
• many different types of pliers available
• electrical pliers (cutters, strippers and
crimpers)
• battery terminal pliers
• ignition pliers
• snap ring pliers

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 Electrical Pliers
• Cutters, strippers and crimpers
• available for different types of wire
• some are multi-function
• better quality units are individual such
as stripper or cutter only

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 Snap Ring Pliers
• two types - external snap rings and external
snap rings
• internal snap rings require contracting jaws
• external snap rings require expanding jaws
• some will have serrated jaw surfaces to
prevent the snap ring from slipping, while
others have tips on the end of the jaws to fit
in holes in the snap rings

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 Metal Cutting Snips
• Available in several different styles
• Aviation snips come in red, green and
yellow
• red and green typically to cut curves
• red and green cutting different
directions of curve

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 Metal Cutting Snips (cont’d)
• Using these snips the jaws are curved so that
the metal being cut off will curve up out of
the way
• the whole snip, except lower jaw will be
above the material being cut
• this will mean that you do need both red and
green depending on the direction that you
are cutting through the material

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Metal Cutting Tools

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 Metal Cutting Tools

Aviation Shears Tin Snips

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 Maintaining Pliers
• Pliers are not made to withstand pressures
greater than normal hand pressure
• Never attempt to cut large screws or bolts
with electrical or side cutter pliers
• Never attempt to cut hardened material with
pliers
• Never put excessive side pressure on needle-
nose pliers

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 Maintaining Pliers (cont’d)
• Never use pliers for turning nuts and
bolts, as the teeth will round off the
corners and damage the nut or bolt
• Lubricate the swivel point with a light
oil
• Keep the pliers clean

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 Screwdrivers
• great variety of screwdrivers types and
sizes available
• length of screwdriver is measured form
to to where handle joins the blade
• shorter screwdrivers known as stubbies
• most screwdrivers bits available for
screw guns or as socket wrenches

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 Blade Screwdrivers
• blade screwdrivers are made to fit
screws with a single slot
• size of screw head and slot are the
deciding factors for the screwdriver
selection
• screwdriver blade should fit the slot
both in width and depth

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 Blade Screwdrivers
• too thin of a blade is likely to damage
the screwdriver
• too thick of a blade is likely to damage
the screw
• too wide of a blade is likely to damage
the material around the screw head
• too narrow of a blade is likely to
damage the screwdriver
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 Phillips Screwdrivers
• tip is shaped as an X or cross
• the size of the screwdriver blade must
correspond to the size of the screw head
• sizes 0, 1, 2, 3, & 4 available
• 0 being the smallest and 4 being the largest
• using the wrong size screwdriver may
damage screw, screwdriver and surface

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 Robertson Screwdrivers
• tips in the shape of a square with screw
having a recess for tip
• size of screwdriver must correspond to
the size of screw
• sizes 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, & 4 available
• handles are color coordinated for ease
of selection

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 Robertson Screwdrivers
• orange 00 no. 1 & 2 screws
• yellow 0 no. 3 & 4 screws
• green 1 no. 5, 6, & 7 screws
• red 2 no. 8, 9, & 10 screws
• black 3 no. 12 & 14 screws
• black 4 no. 16 & larger

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 Clutch Screwdrivers
• screwdriver head and tip must match
• not common in the automotive industry
• some U.S. built RV coaches use them
• available in 6 sizes from 3/32” to 5/16”

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 Torx Screwdrivers
• screw head and screwdriver tip must
match
• looks like an allen wrench will fit, but
they are not compatible
• very strong type of head
• available as socket wrenches for a more
positive drive even with impact drivers

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 Maintaining Screwdrivers
• Always use the right type of screwdriver for
the screw
• Always use the right size of screwdriver head
for the screw
• Never use a screwdriver as a punch, prying
tool, scraper of chisel
• screwdrivers that are damaged or the wrong
size or type may damage the user or the
material being worked on or the screw head

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 Maintaining Screwdrivers
(cont’d)
• Screwdriver bits are available for use in
reversible drills
• Screwdriver bits are also available as
sockets, to enable you to put more
torque on a fitting

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 Drill bits
• Drill bits are available in clockwise and
counter clockwise rotation for different
applications
– boring holes, bolt extraction
• Other types may have specific
applications for cutting different
materials
– metal, plastic, wood

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 Common Body Shop Drill Bits
• Conventional bit

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Stepped Drill Bit

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 Twist drill

10-12° lip clearance angle

margin
flute
land
flute
cutting lip
dead centre

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Twist Drill

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