02-Hirarki Sentral Telepon

AKATEL Sandhy Putra Jakarta

2010
 Hirarki sentral
• Sentral lokal
• Sentral Tundem
• Sentral Trunk/Toll
• Sentral Gerbang Internasional
 Phone Call Process
• Requested destinations for phone calls are
indicated to the central office (CO) switch
by dialing a series of numbers (pulse or
tone dialing). When the phone call is
placed it will be handled by PSTN in the
following way:
I. The phone call first arrives to the central office
via a local loop, it is then processed in this local
central office (also called end office or Class 5
office).
This office has a switch that does the following:
– Processes incoming calls.
– Determines the best path to the call destination.
– Establishes circuit connection.
II. Intra-LATA calls (not local but still within
the same LATA) are handled by the local
carrier (RBOC) since they are technically
considered as long-distance calls.
– If the local CO does not have a direct trunk to
the destination CO, the call will be routed
through a Tandem Office.
– Tandem office: establishes intra-LATA circuit
and handles billing procedures for long
distance calls.
III. Inter-LATA calls are turned over from local
carries to long-distance carrier like AT&T, MCI,
U.S.Sprint. So, in this case the central office
(CO) will merely forward the placed call to the
local switching office of the long-distance carrier
(called POP office) (also known as Class 4 toll
center)

POP: Point-of-Presence in a specific LATA for a

long-distance carrier.
IV. If a Class 4 center cannot find a direct link to the
destination Class 4 center, then the call will be handed
over to the next level of switching up in the hierarchy (to
Class 3 primary center).
The goal in switching here is to keep the call processing
as low on the hierarchy as possible for the following
reasons:
– Quicker call establishment and handling.
– Maximization of cost-effective use of the lowest and least
expensive switching offices possible (i.e. trying to use the least
expensive and less number of switching offices).
– The higher in the hierarchy means more routing flexibility to
larger areas and more cost will be paid.
V. Class 3 primary center will in its turn hand
it over to Class 2 sectional centers if there
is no direct trunk.
VI.And finally Class 2 will hand it over to
Class 1 regional center.