ECE 113

Wire and Wireless Communications System

III. THE PUBLIC TELEPHONE NETWORK

Prepared by:

Engr. Lovely Mae Dagsa, ECT

Course Instructor
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Define public telephone company

 Explain the public and private sectors of the public telephone network
 Define telephone instruments, local loops, trunk circuits, and exchanges
 Describe the necessity for central office telephone exchanges
 Briefly describe the history of the telephone industry
 Describe operator-assisted local exchanges
 Describe automated central office switches and exchanges and their advantages
over operator-assisted local exchanges
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Define circuits, circuit switches, and circuit switching

 Describe the relationship between local telephone exchanges and exchange areas
 Define interoffice trunks, tandem trunks, and tandem switches
 Define toll-connecting trunks, intertoll trunks, and toll offices
 Describe the North American Telephone Numbering Plan Areas
 Describe the predivestiture North American Telephone Switching Hierarchy
 Define the five classes of telephone switching centers
 Explain switching routes
 INTRODUCTION

o Over 1400 independent telephone companies in the US, referred as the public
telephone network (PTN).

o The PTN uses the largest computer network in the world to interconnect millions of
subscribers in such a way that the myriad of companies function as a single entity.

o Virtually any subscriber to the network can be connected to virtually any other
subscriber to the network within a few seconds by simply dialing a telephone
number.

o One characteristic of the PTN that makes it unique from other industries is that
every piece of equipment, technique, or procedure, new or old, is capable of
working with the rest of the system.
PTN
 PUBLIC TELEPHONE NETWORK
• Public Telephone Network (PTN) - It uses the largest computer
network in the world to interconnect millions of subscribers in such a
way that the myriad of companies function as a single entity.
• Two types of subscriber
 Public
 Private
• Private subscriber – are customers who lease equipment,
transmission media, and services from telephone companies on a
permanent basis
 Examples are bank
• Public subscriber – (service provider) share equipment and
facilities that are available to all public subscriber to the
network(PSTN)
TELEPHONE NETWORK

INSTRUMENTS

LOCAL LOOP

EXCHANGES

TRUNK CIRCUITS
 TELEPHONE NETWORK

 Instrument - Any device used to originate and terminate calls and to transmit
and receive signals into and out of the telephone network.
 2500-type telephone set
 cordless telephone
 a data modem.

 Local Loop - The dedicated cable facility used to connect an instrument at a

subscriber's station to the closest telephone office.
 Everyone who subscribes to the PTN is connected to the closest telephone
office through a local loop. Local loops connected to the public switched
telephone network are two-wire metallic cable pairs.
 TELEPHONE NETWORK

 Trunk Circuits - Similar to local loop except trunk circuits are used to
interconnect two telephone offices.
 Exchange - A central location where subscribers are interconnected, either
temporarily or on permanent basis.

 CENTRAL TELEPHONE EXCHANGE , CENTRAL OFFICE, CENTRAL WIRE

CENTER
 CENTRAL EXCHANGE , CENTRAL OFFICE EXCHANGE, CENTRAL
 Identify the subscriber
 Set up establish a communication path
 Supervise the calling processes
LOCAL CENTRAL OFFICE TELEPHONE EXCHANGES

The first telephone sets were self-contained, as they were

equipped with their own battery, microphone, speaker, bell, and
ringing circuit.

Telephone sets were originally connected directly to each other

with heavy-gauge iron wire strung between poles, requiring a
dedicated cable pair and telephone set for each subscriber you
wished to be connected to
 LOCAL CENTRAL OFFICE TELEPHONE EXCHANGES

(a) Interconnecting two subscribers

Interconnecting one subscriber to five other telephone sets

LOCAL CENTRAL OFFICE TELEPHONE EXCHANGES
LOCAL CENTRAL OFFICE TELEPHONE EXCHANGES

(c) Interconnecting four subscribers

 LOCAL EXCHANGE
o Operator Assisted Local Exchange
o January 28, 1878 - The first commercial telephone switchboard began
operation New Haven, Connecticut.
o Switchboards - The first local telephone exchanges.
 LOCAL EXCHANGE
o The first local telephone exchanges were switchboards (sometimes called patch
panels or patch boards)

Patch panel configuration

 LOCAL EXCHANGE
o Automated Switching System
o A system of sensors, switches, and other electrical and electronic
devices that allows subscribers to give instructions directly to the
switch without having to go through an operator.
o Strowger Switch - Commonly called for stepper or step-by-step (SXS).

o Mechanical Dialer Allowed subscribers to manually dial the telephone

number of the party they wished to call.
o Crossbar switch
o ESS
 LOCAL EXCHANGE
o Intraoffice Call - Telephone call completed within a single local
exchange.
o Interoffice calls /Interswitch Calls - Telephone calls placed between two
stations that are connected to different local exchanges.

o Tandem Office - It is used to interconnect local offices that do not have

interoffice trunks directly between them. An exchange without any local
loops connected to it.

o Toll Office - Interstate long distance telephone calls require a special

telephone office.
 North American Telephone Switching Hierarchy

o Route - A path between two subscribers and is comprised of one or more switches,
two local loops; and possibly one or more trunk circuits.

o Blocking - A call that call cannot be completed because the necessary trunk circuits
or switching paths are not available, the calling party receives an equipment busy
signal.

o Class 5 End Switching Office - A local exchange where subscriber loops terminated
and received dial tone.

o Class 4P Switching Office - Class 4 office having only outward and inward calling
service.

o Class 4C - Class 4 office provided human operators for both outward and inward
calling service.
 North American Telephone Switching Hierarchy

o Class 3 Primary Center - Switching office that provide service to small

groups of class 4 offices within a small area of a state.

o Class 2 Sectional - Sectional centers that could provide service to

geographical regions varying in size from part of a state to all of several
states.

o Class 1 Regional Center - Regional centers were the highest ranking office
in the DDD network in terms of the size of the geographical are served and
the trunking options available.
North American Telephone Switching Hierarchy
 COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALING SYSTEM NO. 7 (SS7)

o Global standard for telecommunications defined by the International

Telecommunications Union (ITU) Telecommunications Sector (ITU-T).

o SS7 was developed as an alternate and much improved means of

transporting signaling information through the public telephone network.

o The SS7 standard defines the procedures and protocol necessary to

exchange information over the PSTN using a separate digital signaling
network to provide wireless (cellular) and wireline telephone call setup,
routing, and control.
 SS7 Call Setup Example

Typical call setup procedure using the SS7 signaling network is

as follows:

o 1. Subscriber A goes off hook and touch tones out the destination
telephone number of subscriber B.

o 2. The local telephone translates the tones to binary digits.

o 3. The local telephone exchange compares the digits to numbers

stored in a routing table to determine whether subscriber B resides
in the same local switch as subscriber A. If not, the call must be
transferred onto an outgoing trunk circuit to another local exchange.
 SS7 Call Setup Example

4. After the switch determines that subscriber B is served by a

different local exchange, an SS7 message is sent onto the SS7
network. The purposes of the message are as follows:

i. To find out if the destination number is idle.

ii. If the destination number is idle, the SS7 network
makes sure a connection between the two telephone
numbers is also available.
iii. The SS7 network instructs the destination switch to ring
subscriber B.
 SS7 Call Setup Example

5. When subscriber B answers the telephone, the switching path is

completed.
6. When either subscriber A or subscriber B terminates the call by
hanging up, the SS7 network releases the switching path, making
the trunk circuits and switching paths available to other subscribers
of the network.
 ORIENTATION AND CLASS POLICIES

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