ANATOMY I LAB

PRACTICAL II
REVIEW
 SKELETAL MUSCLE ANATOMY
Define Tendon and Aponeurosis
1
Epimysium

3
Perimysium

5
Endomysium

6 Fiber
Muscle 4
Fascicle 2
Muscle

Tendon: Connective tissue Aponeurosis: Broad, sheet-like

attaching muscles to bones tendon
 MUSCULAR SYSTEM TERMS
What are
• Define:
agonists?
• Flexion
• Movement towards the body
Muscles that
• Extension work together
• Movement away from the body
• Abduction
What are
• Movement towards the midline
antagonists?
• Adduction
• Movement away from the midline Muscles that
• Pronation work against
• To turn the hand so the palm faces downward each other
• Supination What are
• To turn the hand so the palm faces upward synergists?
• Dorsiflexion
• To tilt the foot upward (dorsally) Muscles that
• Plantar Flexion stabilize joints
• To tilt the foot downward
 MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK

Temporalis
1

2 Oculi
Orbicularis

3
Masseter

4 Oris
Orbicularis

5
Sternocleidomastoid
 MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
(SUPERFICIAL)

2 Trapezius 1
Pectoralis Major

7 Deltoid

Transversus4Abdominis 3
Internal Oblique

Rectus6Abdominis 5
External Oblique
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK (DEEP)

1
Pectoralis Minor Intercostals2
 MUSCLES OF THE BACK

1
Latissimus Dorsi Trapezius 2
MUSCLES OF THE ARM

Know Origin
and Insertion
of these

Biceps1Brachii

Triceps2Brachii

3
Brachialis
MUSCLES OF THE ARM

1 Carpi
Extensor
Radialis Longus

Extensor
2
Digitorum

Flexor3Carpi
Radialis

4
Flexor Digitorum
Superficialis
MUSCLES OF THE HIP AND THIGH

Gluteus7Medius

Gluteus 8
Maximus

1
Vastus
Intermedius

Gracilis
2 Biceps 9
Femoris
3
Sartorius

4
Vastus Lateralis
10
Semimembranosus
5
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Medialis
6
 MUSCLES OF THE HIP AND THIGH

Illiopsoas
1

Pectineus
2

Tensor 3Fasciae
Latae
Adductor
4
Longus
 MUSCLES OF THE
LOWER LEG

Know Origin
and Insertion
of these

Tibialis 1
Anterior 3
Gastrocnemius

2
Extensor 4
Flexor Digitorum
Digitorum Longus Longus
 MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY TERMS
• Motor Unit
• A Nerve, the muscle cells it innervates, and the synapse
between them
• Threshold Stimulus
• The amount of a stimulus required to force a muscle cell to
contract
• Muscle Twitch
• A single, short-lived contraction of a skeletal muscle cell
• Temporal or Wave Summation
• An increase in stimulation frequency which leads to an
increase in overall contraction force
• Tetanus
• Extreme level of stimulation in which the muscle cell has no
time to relax
• Spatial Summation
• Multiple muscle cells are stimulated at once, causing more
contractile force to be exerted
REFLEX ARC

Sensory 1Afferent
Neuron

2
Interneuron

Motor3Efferent
Neuron
 NEURON ANATOMY TERMS
• Unipolar Neuron
• A neuron with only one projection, usually sensory afferent
• Bipolar Neuron
• A neuron with two projections, a dendrite and an axon, usually found in special sense organs
• Multipolar Neuron
• A neuron with several projections, multiple dendrites and one axon, most neurons in CNS and
PNS
• Sensory Afferent
• Carries information from the PNS to the CNS
• Interneuron
• Only in the CNS, connection between two neurons, i.e. sensory afferent and motor efferent are
connected by an interneuron
• Motor Efferent
• Connects CNS to PNS
• Nucleus
• A group of cell bodies in the CNS
• Ganglion
• A group of cell bodies in the PNS
• Tract
• A bundle of axons in the CNS
• Nerve
• A bundle of axons in the PNS
NEURON ANATOMY
2
Dendrites

Node of5 Ranvier

Axon
1

3
Body
Myelin6Sheath

Nucleus
4
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS

What is a motor unit?

A nerve and all the muscle cells

it innervates.

What are the three

layers of a nerve from
Axon Terminal
1 outermost to
innermost?
Synaptic2 Cleft Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium
Synaptic3 Vesicles
SPINAL CORD ANATOMY

What are the three meninges from superficial to deep?

Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

Conus
1
Medullaris

Cauda2Equina

Filum Terminale
3
 SPINAL CORD ANATOMY

Posterior

1
Dorsal Root Dorsal 2Horns
Ganglion
3 Root
Dorsal

4 Canal
Central
Anterior Ventral
6 Root
5 Horns
Ventral
CRANIAL NERVES
 Questions

Prepared by
K. Martin (Peer Tutor) & D. Leonard (Learning Specialist)
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College
http://www.daytonastate.edu/asc/ascsciencehandouts.html