Hematopoeitic

System

dr. Alya Amila Fitrie, M.Kes

dr. Zulham, M.Biomed
Department of Histology
Medical Faculty
North Sumatera University
 Blood Cells
• Mature blood cells : relatively short life span 
continuously replaced with the progeny of stem
cells produced in the hematopoeitic organs.
STEM CELLS, GROWTH FACTORS &
DIFFERENTIATION
 Stem Cells

Stem cells

Pluripotential cells capable of self renewal

Remain Specific,
stem irreversibly
cells differentiated
cell types
Pluripotential Hematopoietic Stem
Cells
Migrate from the bone marrow to the lymphoid organ,
where they proliferate : lymphocytes

Lymphoid cells

All blood cells arise from a single type of

stem cell in the bone marrow 
pluripotential stem cells

Myeloid cells

Develop in bone marrow : granulocytes, monocytes,

erythrocytes & megakaryocytes
Progenitor & Precursor Cells

Stem cells, pluripotential cells

Progenitor cells, unipotential or

bipotential cell

Precursor cells The morphologic characteristics

differentiate for the first time

Mature cells
Differentiation of pluripotential
cells during hematopoeisis
 Hematopoeitic Growth Factors
• Have different chemical composition &
complex
• Have overlapping functions
• Act mainly by :
1. Stimulating proliferation of immature cells
2. Supporting the differentiation of maturing cells
3. Enhancing the functions of mature cells.
 Hematopoeitic Growth Factors
(Colony-forming substances)

Name Human Gene Location & Producing Main Biologic Activity

Cells

Granulocyte-CSF Chromosome 17 Stimulates formation of granulocytes.

Enhance metabolism of granulocytes.
Macrophages, Endothelium, Fibroblast Stimulates malignant (leukemic) cells.

Granulocyte + Chromosome 5 Stimulates in vitro and in vivo production

Macrophage (GM- of granulocytes and macrophages.
CSF) T lymphocytes, Endothelium, Fibroblast

Macrophage (M-CSF) Chromosome 5 Stimulates formation of macrophages in

vitro.
Macrophages, Endothelium, Fibroblast Increases antitumor activity of
macrophages.
Interleukin 3 (IL-3) Chromosome 5 Stimulates in vivo and in vitro production
of all myeloid cells.
T lymphocytes

Erythropoeitin (EPO) Chromosome 7 Stimulates red blood cells formation in

vivo and in vitro.
Renal interstisial cells (outer cortex)
 BONE MARROW
• Found in the medullary canals of
long bones & in the cavities of
cancellous bone.
• Two types of bone marrow :
1. Red or hematogenous bone marrow 
blood & blood-forming cells
2. Yellow bone marrow  adipose cells
• All newborn  red b.m.
• Growth : red  yellow b.m.
 Red Bone Marrow

• Composed of : stroma,
hematopoietic cords &
sinusoidal capilarries.
• Release of mature blood cells
 releasing factors , e.q.
C3,hormone, some bacterial
toxins.
• Function : production blood
cells,destruction of worn-out
RBC & storage of iron derived
from the breakdown of Hb.
The passage of blood cells across a sinusoid
capillary in red bone marrow
MATURATION OF ERYTHROCYTES
 Summary of erythrocyte maturation

• Hemoglobine
concentration 
• Nuclear volume
gradually
• Chromatin
condensation 
• Extrussion of
pyknotic nucleus
 Differentiation of Erythrocytes
Large cell, lacy chromatin, visible nucleoli,
Proerythroblast basophilic cytoplasm

Basophilic Strongly basophilic cytoplasm, condensed

erythroblast nucleus, no visible nucleolus

Polychromatophilic Appear several colors in the cell

erytroblast
Condensed nucleus, no basophilic
Orthochromatophilic cytoplasm, a uniformly acidophilic cytoplas
erythroblast
Small number of polyribosomes, nucleus (-)
Reticulocyte

Erythrocyte Biconcave form, nucleus (-)

GRANULOPOEISIS
Maturation Process of Granulocytes

1. Cytoplasmic changes : synthesis of a

number of proteins that are packed in 2
organelles : azurophilic & specific
granules
2. Change in synthetic activity  production
of several proteins that are packed in
specific granules
 Differentiation of Granulocytes

Myeloblast

 larger, spherical or ovoid nucleus,

Promyelocyte basophilic cytoplasm but, locally acidophilic
(+) as azurophilic granules.

Myelocyte Specific granules <<, Azurophilic >>, band

nucleus

Abundant specific granules, Azurophilic’s

Metamyelocyte <<, Lobulated nucleus except basophilia
Granulopoeisis
Stages in the development of
erytrocytes and granulocytes
Section of stimulated
red bone marrow
Section of red bone marrow with a group of erythropoeitic
cells & a group of neutrophilopoeitic cells
KINETICS OF NEUTROPHIL
PRODUCTION
Kinetics of Neutrophil Production
MATURATION OF LYMPHOCYTES &
MONOCYTES
 Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes
progenitor cells
migrate in the bone
marrow

Thymus  full In the bone marrow,

attributes of T lymphocytes differentiate
lymphocytes  B lymphocytes

migrate
T lymphocytes populate
Peripheral lymphoid
Peripheral lymphoid
spesific regions of
organs, BB lymphocytes
organs, lymphocytes
peripheral lymphoid
inhabit
inhabit &
& multiply
multiply in
in their
their
organs
own
own special
special compartments
compartments
 Monocytes

Identical to the myeloblast in its

Monoblast morphologic characteristic

 up to 18 m, basophilic cytoplasm,

Promonocyte large & slightly indented nucleus,
nucleoli are evident
differentiation

Monocyte Macrophages
bloodstream --- connective tissue
ORIGIN OF PLATELETS
Origin of Platelets

 15-50 m, large ovoid nucleus, numerous

nucleoli, cytoplasm homogenous and basophilic

Differentiation

 35-150 m, irregularly lobulated nucleus,

coarse chromatine, no visible nucleoli

Fragmentation of the
cytoplasm of mature
megakaryocyte
 Megakaryocyte

• A megakaryocyte in a
section of red bone
marrow.
• One nucleus
• Granular cytoplasm