ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PHATOPHYSIOLOGY

Lecture Session 3 October 1, 2021

MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF BLOOD

I. BLOOD
 Liquid connective tissue
 Has both solid and liquid components:
Plasma and Formed Elements (RBC, WBC,
Platelets)

Total blood volume (8% of the total weight of the

body)
 4–5 L (Adult Females)
 5–6 L (Adult Males)
 Collected by phlebotomy
- Safe amount to collect: 10% of its total
volume
- Veins: Venous blood (dark)
- Arteries: Arterial blood (bright)
- Centrifuge machine – cell and plasma
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PHATOPHYSIOLOGY
Lecture Session 3 October 1, 2021

II. ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS) EOSINOPHIL

The main function is to carry oxygen and also  Active during parasitic infections
carbon diocide  Combat the effects of allergic reaction
Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes  Most least numerous WBC in circulating blood
• Biconcave disks – both sides have concave
curve
• Essentially bags of hemoglobin – protein
responsible for carrying RBC
• Anucleate (no nucleus)
SPEAR of blood

BASOPHIL
 Bi-lobe
 Most least numerous WBC in circulating blood

(brown)

III. WHITE BLOOD CELLS

Types of Leukocytes

Granulocytes
- Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained
• Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Types of Leukocytes
• Agranulocytes
• Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
• Include lymphocytes and monocytes

NEUTROPHIL
 Major WBC in normal circulating blood
 MOST numerous WBC in circulating blood
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PHATOPHYSIOLOGY
Lecture Session 3 October 1, 2021
MONOCYTE
 Large cell
 Third most numerous WBC in circulating
blood
LYMPHOCYTE
Second most numerous WBC in circulating blood
3 classification
Small Lymphocyte – smaller than RBC
Medium Lymphocyte – big as the RBC
Large Lymphocyte – larger than RBC
IV. PLATELETS
Characteristics of Formed Elements of the
Blood
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Occurrence: 4-6 million
Anatomy: Salmon-colored biconcave disks;
anucleate; literally, sacs of hemoglobin; most
organelles have been ejected
Function: Transport oxygen bound to
hemoglobin molecules; also transport small
amount of carbon dioxide
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Occurrence: 4,800 - 10,800
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Occurrence: 3,000-7,000 (40-70%
of WBCs)
Anatomy: Cytoplasm stains pale
oink and contains fine granules,
which are difficult to see; deep
purple nucleus consists of three to seven lobes
connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm
Function: Active phagocytes; number increases
rapidly during short-term or acute infections
Eosinophils
Occurrence:100-400 (1-4% of
WBCs)
Anatomy: Red coarse cytoplasmic
granules; figure-8 or bilobed
nucleus stains blue-red
Function: Kill parasitic worms by deluging them
with digestive enzymes; play a complex role in
allergy attacks
Basophils
Occurrence: 20-50 (0-1% of
WBCs)
Anatomy: Cytoplasm has a few
large blue-purple granules; U- or
S-shaped nucleus with
constrictions, stains dark blue
Function: Release histamine (vasodilator
chemical) at sites of inflammation; contain
heparin, an anticoagulant
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Occurrence: 1,500-3,000 (20-45%of
WBCs)
Anatomy: Cytoplasm pale blue and
appears as thin rim around nucleus;
spherical (or slightly indented) dark
purple-blue nucleus
Function: Part of immune system; B lymphocytes
produce antibodies; T lymphocytes are involved
in graft rejection and in fighting tumors and
viruses via direct cell attack
Monocytes
Occurrence: 100-700 (4-8% of
WBCs)
Anatomy: Abundant gray-blue
cytoplasm; dark blue-purple
nucleus often U- or kidney-
shaped
Function: Active phagocytes that become
macrophages in the tissues; long-term “cleanup
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PHATOPHYSIOLOGY
Lecture Session 3 October 1, 2021

team”; increase in number during chronic

infections; active lymphocytes during immune
response

Platelets
Occurrence: 150,000-400,000
Anatomy: Essentially irregularly
shaped cell fragments; stain
deep purple
Function: Needed for normal
blood clotting; initiate clotting
cascade by clinging to torn area RH Blood Group System
• “RHESUS” (monkey)
V. Blood Groups and Transfusions • Originally in the mid 1940’s it was made up of 5
• Large losses of blood have serious Ag; but now has 50 antigenic specificities.
consequences
 Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness
 Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which
can be fatal
• Transfusions are the only way to replace
blood quickly
• Transfused blood must be of the same blood
group

Human Blood Groups

• Blood contains genetically determined proteins
• A foreign protein (antigen) may be attacked by
the immune system
• Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will
cause blood with certain proteins to clump
(agglutination)

• There are over 30 common red blood cell

antigens
• The most vigorous transfusion reactions are
caused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens

ABO Blood Group System

• Karl Landsteiner 1901 Blood Typing
Forward Typing - Using Known Antisera
• “Histo Blood Group”
• RBC • Anti-A (blue)
• Lymphocytes • Anti-B (yellow)
• Platelets • Anti-D
• Endothelial cells - Determines Ag
• Secretions
Reverse Typing
• Using Known cells
• A1 cells & B cells
• Determines Ab