Activity 13 OVERVIEW

Name: ______________________________
The Cardiovascular Group No: ________
Date of Performance: _________________
System Instructor: __________________________
RATING: ______________

The cardiovascular system includes a muscular pump which is the heart with one-
way valves and a system of large and small tubes called the arteries and veins within which the
blood travels. The blood is the transport vehicle which use to carries oxygen, nutrients, cell
wastes, hormones, and many other substances vital for body homeostasis to and from the cells.
The human heart/cardiac is about the size of the person’s fist and is shaped like a
cone. It lies on its side in the thoracic cavity within the mediastinum. The human heart has four
chambers and is divided into right and left sides. Each side has an upper chamber called an
atrium and a lower chamber called a ventricle. The atria have pouch-like extensions called
auricles. From the exterior, the auricles look like flaps with wrinkled edges.
The vascular system is a closed transport system in which blood circulates in the
tubes which the vascular system is made of. The blood vessels that carry blood from the heart
are called arteries and the blood vessels that carry blood to the heart are called veins.
Blood is the only fluid tissue in the body, microscopically is has both solid and liquid components.
Blood is a complex connective tissue in which living blood cells are formed elements are
suspended in plasma, a nonliving fluid matrix. The formed elements, comprising 45 percent of
total blood volume, include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and
platelets (thrombocytes). Plasma makes up the remaining 55 percent of total blood volume.
Plasma is 90 percent water, but it also includes a wide variety of dissolved substances, including
gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products, ions, and proteins.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the topic, the students should be able to:

• Describe the functions of blood and name the components of blood.

• Describe the structure, characteristics, and function of red blood cells (RBCs), each
type of white blood cell (WBC), and platelets
• Describe Hemostasis
• Describe and demonstrate the different diagnostic blood tests
• Identify and describe the heart anatomy and physiology

REFERENCES:
Reference Book: Marieb, E. N., & Hoehn, K. (2018). Human anatomy & physiology.
I. BLOOD
1. Complete the table below about the formed elements of blood. 7 points
Cell type Illustration Description Normal values Function
(for adult)

RBC Salmon-colored 4-6 million Transport oxygen

biconcave disks; bound to
anucleate; literally, hemoglobin
sacs of hemoglobin; molecules; also
most organelles have transport small
been ejected amount of carbon
dioxide

Neutrophil Cytoplasm stains pale 3,000-7,000 (40- Active phagocytes;

pink and 70% of WBC’s) number increases
contains fine granules, rapidly during short-
which term or acute
are difficult to see; I;;infection
deep purple
nucleus consists of
three to seven
lobes connected by
thin strands
of nucleoplasm

Eosinophil Red coarse 100–400 (1–4% Kill parasitic worms

cytoplasmic granules; of WBCs) by deluging them
figure-8 or bilobed with digestive
nucleus stains blue- enzymes; play a
red complex role in
allergy attacks

Basophil Cytoplasm has a few 20–50 (0–1% Release histamine

large bluepurple of WBCs (vasodilator
granules; U- or S- chemical) at sites of
shaped nucleus with inflammation;
constrictions, stains contain heparin, an
dark blue anticoagulant

Lymphocytes Cytoplasm pale blue 1,500–3,000 (20– Part of immune

and appears as thin 45% of WBCs) system; B
rim around nucleus; lymphocytes
spherical (or slightly produce antibodies;
indented) dark purple- T lymphocytes are
blue nucleus involved in graft
rejection and in
fighting tumors and
viruses via direct
 cell attack

Monocytes Abundant gray-blue 100–700 (4–8% of Active phagocytes

cytoplasm; dark blue- WBCs) that become
purple nucleus often macrophages in the
U- or kidney-shaped tissues; long-term
“cleanup team”;
increase in number
during chronic
infections; activate
lymphocytes during
immune response

platelet Essentially irregularly 150,000–400,000 Needed for normal

shaped cell fragments; blood clotting;
stain deep purple initiate clotting
cascade by clinging
to torn are

2. Hematologic tests 22 points

Description/indication/how it is obtained

Total white blood cell count

Total red blood cell count

Differential white blood cell count

hematocrit

Hemoglobin concentration 4
points a. tallquist method
b. hemoglobinometer

Bleeding time

Coagulation time

Blood typing 4 points

a. microscope slides
b. blood tests card

Cholesterol concentration in Plasma

3. In the chart below, record information from the blood tests you read about. Complete the chart
by recording values for healthy male adults and indicating the significance of high or low values
for each test. 11 points
 Test Normal values High values Low values may
(healthy male adult) may indicate indicate

Total WBC count

Neutrophil count

lymphocytes

Monocytes

eosinophils

Basophils

Total RBC count

hematocrit

Hemoglobin
determination

Bleeding time

Coagulation time

4. Name the antigen presents on the RBCs and the antibodies present in plasma of each blood
type. Based on your knowledge about antigens and antibodies, what blood type is the
universal donor and the universal recipient? 4 points
Blood type Antigens on RBCs Antibodies in plasma

O+

AB+

5. Illustrate the events of platelet plug formation and coagulation. (You may use images, map of
graph) 5 points
6. What is the average lifespan of RBCs? How does anucleate condition affect this lifespan? 2
points 7. Discuss the effect of RBC count on the following: 4 points
a. Long-term effects of athletic training for more than 9 months.
b. A person who permanently moves from sea level to a high-altitude area.
8. Explain why a Rh-negative person does not have a transfusion react ion on the first exposure
to Rh-positive blood but does have a reaction on the second exposure. 2 points
9. Bleeding disorders are usually a result of thrombocytopenia, a deficiency of platelets.
Considering the mechanism of hemostasis, explain why thrombocytopenia could lead to
abnormal bleeding. 2 points 10. If Brittany is blood type O- and her husband is blood type AB-,
what effect can the Rh factor have on their second child? 5 points
II. HEART
1. Label the landmarks and borders of the heart. In your own word explain why is it
necessary to know the borders of the heart? 8 points
 3 boxes on the left (facing the picture)
1. Jugular notch
2. Sternal angle
3. Second costal cartilage/second rib

5 boxes on the right (facing picture)

1. Base
2. Left border of the heart
3. Apex
4. Inferior border of the heart
5. Right border of the heart

For me it is necessary to know the borders of the heart, in order to know first, the exact location of the heart.
In relation to our everyday life in emergency especially in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Knowing the
borders and landmarks of heart you will execute the proper placement of the hand to the chest of person and
to avoid the possible injury to the persons ribs.

2. surfaces of the heart. Label the structures of the heart. Determine which one is the anterior and
which one is the posterior surface. 33
 a._______________

b._________________

3. Heart valve. A. Label the valve of the heart. 4 points B. Explain how each of the valve of
the heart works? 2 pointsC. Identify two abnormalities of the heart valve, describe each
abnormality. 4 points (10 points all)
 Upper left box (facing picture)
 Tricuspid valve – the tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium (top chamber) and right
ventricle (bottom chamber). Its role is to make sure blood flows in a forward direction from the right
atrium to the ventricle.
Abnormalities:
 Tricuspid regurgitation - the valve is leaky or doesn't close tight enough, causing blood to leak
backwards across the valve
 Tricuspid stenosis - the valve leaflets are stiff and do not open widely enough, causing a restriction
in the forward flow of blood.
Upper right box (facing picture)
 Mitral (bicuspid) valve - The mitral valve separates the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the left
side of the heart. In mitral valve prolapse, the leaflets of the mitral valve bulge (prolapse) into the left
atrium like a parachute when the heart contracts.
 Mitral valve regurgitation. The mitral valve flaps (leaflets) may not close tightly, causing blood to
leak backward.

 Mitral valve stenosis. The flaps of the mitral valve become thick or stiff, and they can fuse together.
This narrows the valve opening, which reduces blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

Lower right box

 Aortic valve - opens and allows blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta.
 Aortic valve stenosis. The flaps (cusps) of the aortic valve become thick and stiff, or they fuse
together. These problems cause the valve opening to become narrow. The narrowed valve reduces or
blocks blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body.

 Aortic valve regurgitation. The aortic valve doesn't close properly, causing blood to flow backward
into the left lower heart chamber (ventricle).

Lower left box

 Pulmonary valve - normally acts like a one-way door from your heart's right ventricle to the lungs.
 Pulmonary valve stenosis. Narrowing of the pulmonary valve reduces the blood flow from the heart
to the pulmonary artery and lungs.
 Pulmonary valve regurgitation. The flaps (leaflets) of the pulmonary valve don't close tightly,
causing blood to leak backward into the right ventricle.

4.A. Label and explain the conduction system of the heart.6 points B. Which of the
conduction system is considered the pacemaker of the heart? 2 points C. Enumerate two
abnormalities of the heart conduction system, briefly describe each condition. 4 points (12
points)
5. Coronary circulation. Label the coronary arteries including the part of the heart they
supply and label the veins in image b. 10 points
 a. 1. Marginal branch - transports blood to the right
ventricle
2. Small cardiac vein - receives blood from the
posterior portion of the right atrium and
ventricle.
3. Right coronary artery - supplies small
branches to the right atrium continues inferior
to the right auricle & divides into
4. Left coronary artery - supplies blood to the left
side of the heart muscle (the left ventricle and
left atrium).
5. Circumflex branch - distributes blood to the
walls of the left atrium and ventricle
6. Anterior interventricular branch (LAD) -
supplies blood to the walls of both ventricles
7. Great cardiac vein – drains the anterior side
of the heart

b. 8. Middle cardiac vein – drains the posterior

aspect of the heart
9. Coronary sinus - responsible for draining
most of the deoxygenated blood leaving the
myocardium
10. Posterior interventricular branch - follows the
posterior interventricular sulcus and supplies
the walls of the 2 ventricles.

6. Pericardium and layers of the heart wall. Label the pericardium and layers of heart wall, briefly
describe each structure. 6 points
 1
2
3
4
5
6

7. Trace a drop of blood through the heart and lungs and then out the systemic
circulation to the left lower extremity. Start and end with the right atrium. 5 points

1. The blood first enters the right atrium.

2. The blood then flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
3. When the heart beats, the ventricle pushes blood through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary
artery.
4. The pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs where it “picks up” oxygen and then leaves the
lungs to return to the heart through the pulmonary vein
5. The blood enters the left atrium, then descends through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
6. The left ventricle then pumps blood through the aortic valve and into the aorta, the artery that feeds
the rest of the body through a system of blood vessels.
7. Blood returns to the heart from the body via two large blood vessels called the superior vena cava
and the inferior vena cava. This blood carries little oxygen, as it is returning from the body where
oxygen was used.
8. The vena cava’s pump blood into the right atrium.

8. Starting with the right atrium, trace a drop of blood through the heart and lungs and back to the
heart.5 points 9. Explain why mitral valve prolapse occurs more often than tricuspid prolapse. 2
points
10. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is an inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to the body.
One sign of CHF is excess fluid in the t issue spaces, known as edema. Describe the location of
the edema if the left side of the heart fails, compared to the location of edema if the right side of
the heart fails. 5 points
III VESSELS

1. Label the components of a muscular artery and a vein. 14 points

 A. Artery 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

B. Vein 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

2.Complete the schematic diagram of arterial distribution in the: a. upper extremity

and the brain and B. pelvis and lower extremity.
a. 16 points
 1. Brachiocephalic trunk
2. Left common carotid
3. Right common carotid
4. Right axillary
5. Right external carotid
6. Right internal carotid
7. Left internal carotid
8. Left vertebral
9. Right brachial
10. Right anterior cerebral
11. Left anterior cerebral
12. Left middle cerebral
13. Right radial
14. Right ulnar
15. Basilar
16. Left posterior cerebral
b. 6 points
b.
17. right common iliac
18. right external iliac
19. right femoral
20. Right popliteal
21. right anterior tibial
22. right posterior tibial

3. Trace the pathway of a carbon dioxide gas molecule in the blood from the inferior vena cava
until it leaves the bloodstream. Name all structures (vessels, heart chambers, and others) passed
through en route. 5 points 4. Explain how blood pressure and osmosis affect the movement of
fluid between capillaries and tissues. What happens to excess fluid that enters the tissues? 5
points
5. Explain what is meant by the local control of blood flow through tissues, and describe what
carries out local control. 4 points
6. Describe nervous control of blood vessels. Define vasomotor tone. 3 points
7. Nitroglycerin is a drug often given to people who suffer from angina pains. This drug causes
vasodilation of arteries and veins, which results in a reduced amount of work performed by the
heart. Explain why dilation of arteries and veins reduces the amount of work performed by the
heart. 3 points
8. Hugo Faster ran a race. During the race his stroke volume and heart rate increased.
Vasoconstriction occurred in his viscera, and his blood pressure increased, but not
dramatically. Explain these changes in his circulatory system. 4 points

Ref:
Tricuspid Valve Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment. (2020). Cleveland Clinic.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17578-tricuspid-valve-disease

Mitral valve disease - Symptoms and causes. (2021). Mayo Clinic;

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-

20355107#:~:text=The%20mitral%20valve%20separates%20the,parachute%20when%20the

%20heart%20contracts.

Aortic valve disease - Symptoms and causes. (2021). Mayo Clinic;

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-

20355117

Pulmonary valve disease - Symptoms and causes. (2021). Mayo Clinic;

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease/symptoms-causes/

syc-20350654

https://www.facebook.com/verywell. (2012). How Blood Flows Through the Heart and Lungs.

Verywell Health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/blood-flow-through-the-heart-

3156938#:~:text=The%20pulmonary%20artery%20carries%20blood,heart%20through

%20the%20pulmonary%20vein.&text=The%20vena%20cavas%20pump%20blood,transport

%20begins%20all%20over%20again.

Anatomy and Function of the Coronary Arteries. (2021). Hopkinsmedicine.org.

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/anatomy-and-function-of-

the-coronary-arteries