RE 709 Smart Grid

Transmission System

Sivraj P.
Assistant Professor
Department of EEE, ASE, Coimbatore
 Electric Power Grid

Source: http://www.edisontechcenter.org/Transmission.html
 Electric Power Grid

Transmission voltage lines operating

at more than 60 kV are standardized
at 69 kV, 115 kV, 138 kV, 161 kV, 230
kV, 345 kV, 500 kV, and 765 kV line-
to-line.
Transmission voltages above 230 kV
are usually referred to as extra-high
voltage (EHV).

Source: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/single-
line-diagram-of-the-ac-transmission-and-distribution-
system
 Need of Transmission Sector
• Location for electrical power plant is normally
decided near the fuel base (coal, gas, water)
• The huge power generated cannot be consumed
in the area in which it is generated.
• The voltage level at which it is generated is
between 10 to 30 KV.
• The generated power is to be transmitted to the
locations where it is demanded like Industries,
cities, etc. which we generally refer as ‘Load’.
 Transmission to Distribution
• Distances between generation plant and place where it
is needed is very large.
• Hence, to avoid Copper losses specifically, generated
voltage needs to be stepped up to 132 KV , 220 KV, 400
KV, 765 KV and the latest 1200 KV for Transmission.
• Once power is dispatched to Load Centers, the
transmission voltage levels are stepped down to 66KV,
33KV or 11KV for distribution of power.
• Once the power reaches to doorstep of consumer, the
distribution voltage level is again stepped down to
utilization voltage level i.e. 440V or 230V
 Transmission Systems - Types
• Generated power is transmitted and distributed
through :
o Overhead transmission Lines
o Underground Cables.
• Transmission voltage level is very high and
distance between generation point and receiving
station is also very large.
• So, for transmission of power, overhead system is
adopted than underground system considering
the voltage drops and cost involved.
 Overhead Transmission Lines

Source: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/transmission_lines.html
 Underground Cables

Source: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/transmission_lines.html
 Some facts on conductors
• Generation, transmission and distribution is
exclusively three phase in nature and only
three conductors are required.
• Utilization network can be three phase or
single phase. So, it requires 3 or 4 conductors (
additional conductor for neutral) respectively.
 Transmission Systems - Types
• High voltage DC electrical transmission system.
• High AC electrical transmission system.
Advantages of DC Transmission
• Only two conductor are required for Dc transmission
system. It is further possible to use only one conductor
of DC transmission system if earth is utilized as return
path of the system.
• The potential stress on the insulator of DC transmission
system is about 70 % of same voltage AC transmission
system. Hence, less insulation cost is involved in DC
transmission system.
• Inductance, capacitance, phase displacement and
surge problems can be eliminated in DC system.

Source: http://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-power-transmission-system-and-network/
 Transmission Systems - Types
Advantages of AC Transmission
• The alternating voltages can easily be stepped
up and down, which is not possible in DC
transmission system.
• Maintenance of AC substation is quite easy
and economical compared to DC substation.
• The transforming in AC electrical sub station is
much easier than motor-generator sets in DC
system.

Source: http://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-power-transmission-system-and-network/
 Transmission Systems - Types
Disadvantages of AC Transmission
• The volume of conductor used in AC system is much higher than
that of DC.
• The reactance of the line, affects the voltage regulation of electrical
power transmission system.
• Problems of skin effects and proximity effects only found in AC
system.
• AC transmission system is more likely to be affected by corona
effect than DC system.
• Construction of AC electrical power transmission network is more
complex than DC system.
• Proper synchronizing is required before inter connecting two or
more transmission lines together, synchronizing can totally be
omitted in DC transmission system.

Source: http://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-power-transmission-system-and-network/
 Components of Transmission System
• A set of transformers to raise the generated
power to the high voltages used on the
transmission lines
• The transmission lines
• Substations
 Generating Station Supply – One Line Diagram

UT – Unit Transformer
UAT – Unit auxiliary Transformers
SST - Station Service Transformers

Generation Transformer

Source: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/transformers-connected-directly-to-generators
 Generation Transformer

Source: http://hubpages.com/technology/Differenet-Transformers-in-Power-Station
 Generation Transformer
• This is the main transformer of generating unit used for stepping
up the voltage from generating station for the transmission
• In a generating plant for every generating unit one generating
transformer is required
• Rated voltage on LV side corresponds to the rated generating
voltage
• Rated voltage on the HV side corresponds to rated voltage of the
HV bus
• Usually these transformers are outdoor type
• LV terminals are connected to the generating terminals via
isolated phase bus systems
• HV terminals are connected to the outdoor busbars by flexible
ACSR conductors via overhead flexible bus
Source: http://hubpages.com/technology/Differenet-Transformers-in-Power-Station
 Unit auxiliary Transformers
• The Purpose of Unit auxiliary Transformer is to feed
power to generator auxiliaries of that unit
• These transformers are connected to generators and
are used as stepping down transformers. The HV side
transformer voltage corresponds to the voltage of the
generating unit and the LV side voltage is stepped
down to 6.6KV
• Rated KVA of Unit Auxiliary Transformers is
approximately 15% of the generating rating
• Usually these transformers are outdoor transformers
• One Unit auxiliary transformer is present for every
generating unit.

Source: http://hubpages.com/technology/Differenet-Transformers-in-Power-Station
 Station Service Transformers
• In general station service transformer is used for
supplying power to auxiliary equipment in the power
plant when the plant is not generating any power.
• Rated HV voltage corresponds to the rated voltage of
the outer busbars
• Rated LV voltage corresponds to the auxiliary bus
voltage
• Rated KVA corresponds to the load of common
auxiliaries of the station. This corresponds to the 10%
to 15% of the rating of the generating power.
• These transformers are Outdoor type.

Source: http://hubpages.com/technology/Differenet-Transformers-in-Power-Station
 Auxiliary Transformers
These transformers are employed in the power
plants for delivering power to low voltage loads
(voltage below 1kV). These transformers connects
between HV distribution buses and LV distribution
buses of the plant.
• These transformers are located in power plant to
step down voltage from 6.6KV to 415V.
• The rating for this transformer corresponds to the
rating of the auxiliary load it should be bearing.
• These transformers are indoor type and usually
dry type transformers are used

Source: http://hubpages.com/technology/Differenet-Transformers-in-Power-Station
More Details on Generating Station
Equipments
Source: http://www.tpud.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/An_Introduction_to_Electric_Power_Transmission_Presentation.pdf
Source: http://www.tpud.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/An_Introduction_to_Electric_Power_Transmission_Presentation.pdf
Source: http://www.tpud.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/An_Introduction_to_Electric_Power_Transmission_Presentation.pdf
Source: http://www.tpud.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/An_Introduction_to_Electric_Power_Transmission_Presentation.pdf
 Evolution of National Grid - India
• Grid management on regional basis started in sixties.
• Initially, State grids were inter-connected to form regional grid and
India was demarcated into 5 regions namely Northern, Eastern,
Western, North Eastern and Southern region.
• In October 1991 North Eastern and Eastern grids were connected.
• In March 2003 WR and ER-NER were interconnected .
• August 2006 North and East grids were interconnected thereby 4
regional grids Northern, Eastern, Western and North Eastern grids
are synchronously connected forming central grid operating at one
frequency.
• On 31st December 2013, Southern Region was connected to Central
Grid in Synchronous mode with the commissioning of 765kV
Raichur - Solapur Transmission line thereby achieving 'ONE
NATION'-'ONE GRID'-'ONE FREQUENCY'.
REGIONAL GRIDS ‘GEOGRAPHICAL’
Inter regional MW capacity
Link
NER-ER 1,260

ER-NR 7,930

ER-SR* (excl. 1,130

30,500 MW
MW Talcher-Kolar
40370 bipole)
2284 MW ER-WR 2,990

21091 SR-WR 1,720

49027 MW MW
16,000
WR-NR 4,220

Other 132 KV 600

Links

Installed Generation Capacity Talcher Kolar 2,500

43009 MW HVDC Bipole
Current ~ 173 GW
Target for Year 2012: 200 GW Total as on 22,350
date
Target for 2012 37,700
 http://powermin.nic.in/sites/default/files/uploads/powergrid_map.pdf
765 KV RING MAIN SYSTEM
URI

THE POWER ‘HIGHWAY’

WAGOORA
DULHASTI

KISHENPUR RAVI SATLUJ

JULLANDHAR

MOGA TEHRI CHICKEN NECK

BALLABGARH A'PUR
(DELHI RING)

HISSAR
MEERUT
BHUTAN DIHANG DAMWE
TALA RANGANADI
BEARILLY TEESTA
M'BAD LUCKNOW
KATHAL-
NR JAIPUR BHIWADI
AGRA
G'PUR
M'PUR
BONGAIGAON GURI
MARIANI
ALLAHABAD
/UNNAO VARANASI PURNEA
SHIROHI MISA
MALANPUR SILIGURI/BIRPARA
250 SINGRAULI BADARPUR
0M BARH
W 500MW
KAHALGAON TIPAIMUKH
ZERDA VINDHYA- B'SHARIF
DEHGAM NAGDA SATNA CHAL
NORTH
MAITHON
NER
BINA JAMSHEDPUR
LIMBDI GANDHAR/ SIPAT KARANPURA BANGLA
SEONI
AMRELI KAWAS DESH
JETPUR CHEGAON ROURKELA
KORBA
VAPI BHANDARA RAIPUR ER
HIRMA
PIPAVAV TARAPUR AKOLA
BOISAR WARDA
PADGHEAMRAVATI CHANDRAPUR TALCHER
1000MW JEYPORE
DHABOL
WR
LONIKAND
PARLI

KOYNA
KARAD
RAMAGUNDAM CHEAP HYDRO POWER FROM THE NORTH-
EAST AND PIT HEAD THERMAL POWER
MW GAZUWAKA
KOLHAPUR SR 20
00 FROM THE EAST ENTERS THE RING AND
EXITS TO POWER STARVED REGIONS
VIJAYAWADA
W

PONDA
M

NARENDRA
00
20

KAIGA SIRSI
KRISHNAPATNAM

CHITTOOR
BANGALORE
MYSORE
HOSUR SOUTH CHENNAI
SINGARPET LEGEND
KOZHIKODE PUGALUR
CUDDALORE EXISTING/ X PLAN NATIONAL XI PLAN
LA

SALEM IX PLAN GRID

COCHIN
KS

KARAIKUDI 765 KV LINES

HA

KAYAMKULAM
KAYATHAR 400 KV LINES
D

TRIVANDRUM
WE

HVDC B/B
KUDANKULAM
EP

HVDC BIPOLE
 Transmission Line Status - India

Source: http://powermin.nic.in/sites/default/files/uploads/Trnasmission_Lines_Status_&_Trasformation_Capicity.pdf
 List of Major Power Transmission and Distribution Companies --- State-wise
Source: http://powermin.nic.in/en/content/state-level
 Thank You
Source of Image: https://www.ecnmag.com/blog/2015/06/how-smart-grid-will-impact-iot