Pollutant

• A pollutant is a substance or energy introduced into the environment

that has undesired effects, or adversely affects the usefulness of a
resource.
• A pollutant may cause long- or short-term damage by changing the
growth rate of plant or animal species, or by interfering with human
amenities, comfort, health, or property values.
• Some pollutants are biodegradable and therefore will not persist in
the environment in the long term.
Waste
• Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any
substance which is discarded after primary use, or is worthless,
defective and of no use.
Types of waste
• Municipal waste
• Industrial waste
• Biomedical waste
• Radioactive waste
• explosive waste,
• electronic waste (e-waste)
Typical classification of waste
• Biodegradable waste: food and kitchen waste, green waste, paper (most can be
recycled although some difficult to compost plant material may be excluded[6])
• Recyclable materials: paper, cardboard, glass, bottles, jars, tin cans, aluminum
cans, aluminum foil, metals, certain plastics, fabrics, clothes, tires, batteries, etc.
• Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris
• Electrical and electronic waste (WEEE) - electrical appliances, light bulbs, washing
machines, TVs, computers, screens, mobile phones, alarm clocks, watches, etc.
• Composite wastes: waste clothing, Tetra Packs, waste plastics such as toys
• Hazardous waste including most paints, chemicals, tires, batteries, light bulbs,
electrical appliances, fluorescent lamps, aerosol spray cans, and fertilizers
• Toxic waste including pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides
• Biomedical waste, expired pharmaceutical drugs, etc.
Municipal solid waste
• Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a waste type consisting of everyday
items that are discarded by the public.
• It predominantly includes food wastes, market wastes, yard wastes,
plastic containers and product packaging materials, and other
miscellaneous solid wastes from residential, commercial, institutional,
and industrial sources.
• Waste collection is performed by the municipality within a given area
Components of solid waste management
• The municipal solid waste industry has four components: recycling,
composting, disposal, and waste-to-energy via incineration.
Industrial waste
• Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial activity which
includes any material that is rendered useless during a manufacturing
process such as that of factories, industries, mills, and mining
operations. It has existed since the start of the Industrial Revolution.
• Some examples of industrial wastes are chemical solvents, pigments,
sludge, metals, ash, paints, sandpaper, paper products, industrial by-
products, and radioactive wastes.
Types of industrial wastes
• Slag
• Fly ash
• sludge

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Types of industrial wastes
• Slag
• Slag is a partially vitreous by-product of smelting ore to separate the
metal fraction from the worthless fraction. It can be considered to be
a mixture of metal oxides; however, slags can contain metal sulfides
and metal atoms in the elemental form. While slags are generally
used as a waste removal mechanism in metal smelting, they can also
serve other purposes, such as assisting in smelt temperature control
and minimizing re-oxidation of the final liquid metal product before
casting.

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• Fly ash
• Fly ash is one of the residues generated in the combustion of coal. Fly
ash is generally captured from the chimneys of coal-fired power
plants, and is one of two types of ash that jointly are known as coal
ash; the other, bottom ash, is removed from the bottom of coal
furnaces. Depending upon the source and makeup of the coal being
burned, the components of fly ash vary considerably, but all fly ash
includes substantial amounts of silicon dioxide (SiO2) (both
amorphous and crystalline) and calcium oxide (CaO), both being
endemic ingredients in many coal bearing rock strata.

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• Sludge
• Sludge is a generic term for solids separated from suspension in a
liquid. This 'soupy' material usually contains significant quantities of
'interstitial' water (between the solid particles). Commonly sludge
refers to the residual, semi-solid material left from industrial
wastewater, or sewage treatment processes. It can also refer to the
settled suspension obtained from conventional drinking water
treatment, and numerous other industrial processes.

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Types of industrial pollutions
• Air pollution

• Water Pollution

• Soil Pollution

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Air pollution
• Air pollution is defined as the addition of various
hazardous chemicals, particulate matter, toxic
substances and biological organisms into the Earth's
atmosphere. There are various factors causing air
pollution, but what comes from industries and factories
is often considered a prime factors in air pollution.
According to a study conducted by the Environmental
Protection Agency, or EPA, it has been found that
industrial pollution accounts for approximately 50 % of
the pollution.

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Air pollution
• The World Health Organization estimates that about two million
people die prematurely every year as a result of air pollution, while
many more suffer from breathing ailments, heart disease, lung
infections and even cancer.Fine particles or microscopic dust from
coal or wood fires and unfiltered diesel engines are rated as one of
the most lethal forms or air pollution caused by industry, transport,
household heating, cooking and ageing coal or oil-fired power
stations.

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Impact of air pollution
• Acid Rain
• Global warming
• Respiratory Disorders
• Ozone layer Depletion
• Other common effects often associated with air pollution caused due
to industrial emissions include increasing risk of occupational diseases
such as pneumoconiosis and asbestosis.

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Water pollution

• When toxic substances enter lakes, streams, rivers, oceans, and other
water bodies, they get dissolved or lie suspended in water or get
deposited on the bed. This results in the pollution of water whereby
the quality of the water sources, affecting aquatic ecosystems.
Pollutants can also seep down and affect the groundwater deposits.

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Water pollution
• According to a United Nations report released on March 22, 2010 on
World Water Day that calls for turning unsanitary wastewater into an
environmentally safe economic resource. According to the report --
titled "Sick Water?" -- 90 percent of wastewater discharged daily in
developing countries is untreated, contributing to the deaths of some
2.2 million people a year from diarrheal diseases caused by unsafe
drinking water and poor hygiene.

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Impact of water pollution

• Affecting not only to people but also to animals, fish, and

birds.
• Polluted water is unsuitable for drinking, recreation,
agriculture, and industry.
• It diminishes the aesthetic quality of lakes and rivers.
• Contaminated water destroys aquatic life and reduces its
reproductive ability

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Soil pollution
• Soil pollution comprises the pollution of soils with materials, mostly
chemicals, that are out of place or are present at concentrations
higher than normal which may have adverse effects on humans or
other organisms. However, soil pollution is also caused by means
other than the direct addition of xenobiotic (man-made) chemicals
such as agricultural runoff waters, industrial waste materials, acidic
precipitates, and radioactive fallout.

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Soil pollution
• Both organic (those that contain carbon) and inorganic (those that
don't) contaminants are important in soil. The most prominent
chemical groups of organic contaminants are fuel hydrocarbons,
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ), polychlorinated
biphenyls ( PCBs ), chlorinated aromatic compounds, detergents, and
pesticides. Inorganic species include nitrates, phosphates, and heavy
metals such as cadmium, chromium and lead; inorganic acids; and
radionuclide's (radioactive substances). Among the sources of these
contaminants are agricultural runoffs, acidic precipitates, industrial
waste materials, and radioactive fallout.

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Impact of soil pollution
• Soil pollution can lead to water pollution if toxic
chemicals leach into groundwater, or if contaminated
runoff reaches streams, lakes, or oceans
• Soil also naturally contributes to air pollution by
releasing volatile compounds into the atmosphere
• Nitrogen escapes through ammonia volatilization and
denitrification
• Cont…

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• The decomposition of organic materials in soil can
release sulfur dioxide and other sulfur compounds,
causing acid rain.
• Heavy metals and other potentially toxic elements are
the most serious soil pollutants in sewage
• Sewage sludge contains heavy metals and, if applied
repeatedly or in large amounts, the treated soil may
accumulate heavy metals and consequently become
unable to even support plant life.

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Biomedical waste
• Biomedical waste is any kind of waste containing infectious (or potentially
infectious) materials.[1] It may also include waste associated with the
generation of biomedical waste that visually appears to be of medical or
laboratory origin (e.g., packaging, unused bandages, infusion kits, etc.), as
well research laboratory waste containing biomolecules or organisms that
are many restricted from environmental release. As detailed below,
discarded sharps are considered biomedical waste whether they are
contaminated or not, due to the possibility of being contaminated with
blood and their propensity to cause injury when not properly contained
and disposed of. Biomedical waste is a type of biowaste.

• Biomedical waste may be solid or liquid.

Radioactive waste
• Radioactive waste is waste that contains radioactive material.
Radioactive waste is usually a by-product of nuclear power generation
and other applications of nuclear fission or nuclear technology, such
as research and medicine. Radioactive waste is hazardous to all forms
of life and the environment
• Radioactive waste comes from a number of sources. In countries with
nuclear power plants, nuclear armament, or nuclear fuel treatment
plants, the majority of waste originates from the nuclear fuel cycle
and nuclear weapons reprocessing
Electronic waste
• Electronic waste or e-waste describes discarded electrical or
electronic devices. Used electronics which are destined for reuse,
resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal are also considered e-waste.
Informal processing of e-waste in developing countries can lead to
adverse human health effects and environmental pollution.
• Electronic scrap components, such as CPUs, contain potentially
harmful materials such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, or brominated
flame retardants. Recycling and disposal of e-waste may involve
significant risk to health of workers and communities in developed
countries[1] and great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in
recycling operations and leaking of materials such as heavy metals
from landfills and incinerator ashes
Environmental impact
Agriculture Waste
• Sediment runoff
• Nutrient runoff
• Pesticides
• Animal wastes
• Slaughtering waste
• Vegetable washing water