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Example : Battery
We are going to use ideal sources to model practical sources as will be shown next.
We are going to use ideal sources to model practical sources as will be shown next.
Those ideal sources do not exist as practical devices , they are idealized model of
the actual devices
Ideal Voltage Source : is a circuit element that maintaining a prescribed voltage across
its terminals regardless of the current flowing in those terminals
Example : if we consider the 1.5 volt dry battery you from the market as an ideal, then
you will get a 1.5 volt across the battery regards of what is connected across it or in
another way the battery will supply a steady 1.2 V regardless what current flowing
through it
i
1.2 V
We should know that can not be possible since if the current i is large due to some load
as we will see later when we discuss Ohms law, the power deliver by the small battery
will be very large
We also will classified sources as Independent and Dependent sources
Independent source establishes a voltage or a current in a circuit without relying on a
voltage or current elsewhere in the circuit
We will use circle to represent Independent source and diamond shape to represent
Dependent sources
Dependent sources
Independent source
Independent and dependent voltage and current sources can be represented as
+
- 5V 3A
+
4 ix V 4 vx A
-
were ix is some current were vx is some voltage
through an element across an element
4 vx V 7 ix A
-
were vx is some current
were ix is some voltage
through an element
across an element
Connection is valid
Connection is not permissible
Example 2.2 for each of the following connections establish which interconnections
are permissible and which violate the constrains by the ideal source
Georg Simon Ohm, a German physicist who is famous for defining the fundamental
relationship among voltage, current, and resistance through Ohm's law
Ohm's law states that, in an electrical circuit, the current passing through a conductor, from
one terminal point on the conductor to another terminal point on the conductor, is directly
proportional to the potential difference (i.e. voltage drop or voltage) across the two
terminal points and inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor between the
two terminal points
were
V = the voltage in volts (V)
I = the current in amperes (A)
R = the resistance in ohms (W)
This is similar in some way when water flow in a pipe. If there is a dirt or material on
the pipe it will impede ( )يعيقthe flow of water.
For purpose of circuit analysis, we must reference the current in the resistor to the
terminal voltage. For the passive sign convention
+ v = Ri
v R
Otherwise we introduce a minuses sign similar to what we did when we calculated power
+
v R v = - Ri
-
i
Example
2A
+ +
v 3W
v = -(3)(2) = -6 V
v 3W v = (3)(2) = 6 V
- -
2A
+
-2 A
+ v 3W v = -(3)(- 2) = 6 V
v = (3)(- 2) = -6 V
v 3W -
-2 A
-
The reciprocal of resistance ( )مقاومهis conductance ( )موصلand have the symbol G
1
G=
R
and have the unit S for (siemens) or W for (mho) is spelling backward
for ohm
W
An 8 W resistor is equivalent to 1/8= 0.125 S or
We may calculate the power at the terminal of a resistor in several way
+
v R p = vi For the passive sign convention
-
+
v R p = -vi
-
i
Second method : we express the power at the terminal of resistor in terms of the current
and resistor as follows:
v
+ -
p vi (iR )i Ri 2
i R
v
+ -
p -vi -(-iR )i Ri 2
R i
Third method : we express the power at the terminal of resistor in terms of the voltage
and resistor as follows:
v
+ - v v2
p vi v ( )
R R
i R
p -vi -v ( -v ) v
v
+ - 2
R R
R i
Fourth method : we express the power at the terminal of resistor in terms of the voltage
or current and conductance G as follows:
v
+ -
p vi v (Gv ) Gv 2
i R
p vi i i2
( )i
G G
For the non passive sign convention we will have identical relation as the passive sign
convention
v
-
+
p Gv 2
i2
R i p
G
Example 2.3 In each circuit find the followings:
+ v a , p8W ?
1 A 8 W
va
v a (1)(8) 8 V
- p W 8i 2 8(1) 2 8 W
v a2 (8) 2
OR p W 8 W
8 8
i d , p 25W ?
-50
+ id -2 A
50 V 25 W 25
-
p 25W 25i d2 25(-2) 2 100 W
id
502
OR p 25W 100 W
25
2.3 Construction of a Circuit Model
This course will be focus on circuit analysis (i.e., finding voltages , currents and
powers of circuit elements)
However you would need to construct a model for the electric device as much as
analyzing it.
We are going to develop a circuit model based on the behavior of the circuit components
and interconnections
2.4 Kirchhoff’s Law
The objective of this course is to find (or solve) for voltages and currents in
every element in the circuit
i1 i3
2W 3W
+ v1 - i 2 + v3 -
+ +
5V + v2 6W v4 5W
- - -
In this circuit we have 7 unknowns , namely i1 ,v1 i 2 ,v 2 i 3 ,v 3 and v 4 ( note i 3 is the same as i 4 )
i1 i3
2W 3W
+ v1 - i 2 + v3 -
+ +
5V + v2 6W v4 5W
- - -
v1 = 2 i1 v 2 = 6 i 2 v 3 = 3 i3 v 4 = 5 i3
However Ohms equations can not be sufficient to solve for the 7 unknown,
we need still 3 equations , what are these equations ?
Gustav Kirchhoff Russian scientist who first stated them in 1848 in a published paper
and they are named after him as
The algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit equals zero.
i3
Kirchhoff's Current Law ( KCL):
The algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit equals zero.
i1 i2
i3
The algebraic signify a sign on the current that is positive or negative. Since the current
is a reference quantity by direction. Then we can state the following
Current entering the node is positive and current leaving the node is negative
OR
Current entering the node is negative and current leaving the node is positive
Example
i1 i2
i3
Current entering the node is positive and leaving the node is negative
i1 (- i 2 ) i 3 0 i1 - i 2 i 3 0
Current entering the node is negative and leaving the node is positive
(-i1 ) i2 (-i 3 ) 0 i1 - i 2 i 3 0
Note the algebraic sign is regardless if the sign on the value of the current
Suppose
-1 A 2A
i1 -1 A i2 2 A i3 3 A
3A
Now KCL
i1 - i 2 i3 0 ( -1 ) - 2 3 0
Since electric current is a rate flow of charges then Kirchhoff's Current Law is similar to
the flow of water from different direction to a water valve ( (صمام
Water
Valve
Now we go back to our circuit i1 i3
2W 3W
+ v1 - i 2 + v3 -
+ +
5V + v2 6W v4 5W
- - -
Node 4 Node 4
Same Node
i3
Node 2
Now if we apply KCL to each node Node 1 i1 Node 3
2W 3W
we will have the followings
v1 - + v3 -
+
+ i2
+
Node 1 5V
+ v2 6W
v4 5W
-
- -
Node 1 i1
2W short short
Node 3
3 W i3
Node 3
i1 Node 4
i1 - i1
Same Node
0
+
5V i3
-
i1 i1
i3 - i3 0 5W
Nothing new !
i3 i3
Node 2
Node 2
Node 4 Nothing new !
i1 i3 3W
2W i2
6W
i2 -i1 i 2 i 3 0
i1 - i 2 - i 3
i1 i3
6W 0
Same as node 2
Node 4
i1 i3
2W 3W
+ v1 - i 2 + v3 -
+ +
5V + v2 6W v4 5W
- - -
v1 = 2 i1 v 2 = 6 i 2 v 3 = 3 i3 v 4 = 5 i3
KCL provide us with 1 equations, namely
i1 - i 2 - i 3 0
Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL) will provide us with the other two equations
as will be shown nex
Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL)
The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path in a circuit equals zero.
+
-
d
f e
A closed path or a loop is defined as starting at an arbitrary node, we trace closed path in a
circuit through selected basic circuit elements including open circuit and return to the
original node without passing through any intermediate node more than once
abea
Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL)
The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path in a circuit equals zero.
+
-
d
f e
A closed path or a loop is defined as starting at an arbitrary node, we trace closed path in a
circuit through selected basic circuit elements including open circuit and return to the
original node without passing through any intermediate node more than once
abea bceb
Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL)
The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path in a circuit equals zero.
+
-
d
f e
A closed path or a loop is defined as starting at an arbitrary node, we trace closed path in a
circuit through selected basic circuit elements including open circuit and return to the
original node without passing through any intermediate node more than once
The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path in a circuit equals zero.
+
-
d
f e
A closed path or a loop is defined as starting at an arbitrary node, we trace closed path in a
circuit through selected basic circuit elements including open circuit and return to the
original node without passing through any intermediate node more than once
The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path in a circuit equals zero.
+
-
d
f e
A closed path or a loop is defined as starting at an arbitrary node, we trace closed path in a
circuit through selected basic circuit elements including open circuit and return to the
original node without passing through any intermediate node more than once
The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path in a circuit equals zero.
2W 3W
+ v1 - + v3 -
+
+
+ v2 6W v4 5W
5V
- -
-
The "algebraic" correspond to the reference direction to each voltage in the loop.
+ v1 - + v3 -
+
+
+ v2 6W v4 5W
5V
- -
-
Loop 1 v1 v 2 - 5 0
Loop 2 v 3 v 4 -v 2 0
Example
2W 3W
+ v1 - + v3 -
+
+
+ v2 6W v4 5W
5V
- -
-
Loop 2 v 3 v 4 -v 2 0
Loop 3 v1 v 3 v 4 - 5 0
However we notice that KVL on Loop 3 is only the summation of Loop 1 and Loop 2
Loop 1 v1 v 2 - 5 0
Loop 2 v 3 v 4 -v 2 0
Now we go back to our circuit i1 i3
2W 3W
+ v1 - i 2 + v3 -
+ +
5V + v2 6W v4 5W
- - -
House 1 House 2
House 3
Gas Station
House 4
House 6 House 5
Example 2.6 for the circuit shown apply KCL to each node a, b, c, and d.
Note there is no connection dot at the center of the diagram (i.e, no node).
path a -v 1 v 2 v 4 -v b -v 3 0
Example 2.7 for the circuit shown apply KVL to each designated path in the circuit
path b -v a v 3 v 5 0
Example 2.7 for the circuit shown apply KVL to each designated path in the circuit
path c v b -v 4 -v c -v 6 -v 5 0
Example 2.7 for the circuit shown apply KVL to each designated path in the circuit
path d -v a -v 1 v 2 -v c v 7 -v d 0
Example 2.7 for the circuit shown apply KVL to each designated path in the circuit
path a -v 1 v 2 v 4 -v b -v 3 0
path b -v a v 3 v 5 0
path c v b -v 4 -v c -v 6 -v 5 0
path d -v a -v 1 v 2 -v c v 7 -v d 0
Example 2.8 for the circuit shown use Kirchcoff’s laws and Ohm’s law to find io ?
Solution
We will redraw the circuit and assign currents and voltages as follows
io
Since io is the current in the 120 V source , therefore there is only two unknown currents
in the circuit namely:
io and i1
io
Applying KCL to the circuit nodes namely a,b and c will give us the following
Node b -i o i1 - 6 0
Node c -i1 i o 6 0 The same as node b
Therefore KCL provide us with only one equation relating io and i1 namely
-i o i1 - 6 0
We need another equation to be able to solve for io
However only one loop that you can apply KVL to it namely abca
Since the other two loops contain a current source namely 6 A and since we can not relate
the voltage across it to the current through it , therefore we can not apply KVL to that loop
Applying KVL around loop abca clockwise direction assigning a positive sign to
voltage drops ( + to - ) and negative sign to voltage rise , we have
For the circuit shown we want apply Kirchhof’s and Ohm law to find vo ?
Solution
Node b i 5i - i o 0 6i - i o 0
KVL and Ohm’s law will provide us with the additional equation
relating io with iΔ as will be shown next
The circuit has three closed loops
However only the loop abca is the one that you can apply KVL to it
Since the other two loops contain a current source that, you will not be
able to write the voltage across it in terms of the current (i.e, you will
not be able to write KVL around the loop the one that you can apply
KVL to it )
Therefore
-500 5i 20i o 0 5i 20i o 500
Therefore we have two equations relating io with iΔ namely
KCL at node b 6i - i o 0
KVL around loop abca 5i 20i o 500
Two equations and two unknowns io and iΔ , we can solve simultaneously and get
io = 24 A and iΔ = 4 A